Human Anatomy Exam 1

contralateral

ipsilateral

dorsal hollow nerve cord

a hollow, tubular structure derived from ectoderm, which is located dorsal to the notochord in chordates

E

notochord

stiffening rod in the back just deep to the spinal cord

segments

repeating units of similar structure that run from the head along the full length of the trunk

the human body plan

1. tube within a tube

2. bilateral symmetry

3. dorsal hollow nerve cord

4. notochord and vertebrae

5. segmentation

6. pharyngeal pouches

pharyngeal pouch

outpockets of the human pharynx that occur in the embryonic stage

correspond to the clefts between fish gills

coelom

body cavity lined with serous membane

retroperitoneal cavity

cavity posterior to the peritoneum in the abdominal cavity

peritoneal cavity

sagittal plane

coronal plane

transverse plane

x-ray

radiation that pass through the body and get detected digitally or with film

dense objects block the radiation

when should we use x-rays?

- diagnose broken bones or examine teeth

- dtect foreign objects or disease in lungs

- detect dense areas of breast

x-ray computed tomography (CT)

radiation is projectd through the body at multiple angles to produce a 3D image

- use of contrast dyes to enhace visibility of vessels

- diagnose abdominal, vertebral column, and brain injuries

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

uses a powerful magnet and radio waves to create images based on differential magnetic properties of organs/tissues

- 3D images, can use contrast

- images of SOFT TISSUES (abnormal vs. normal)

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

makes 3D images of tissue function instead of anatomy by using an injection of a radiolabeled substance that is absorbed by more active tissues

- can be combined with CT or MRI

- diagnose cancer, active brain areas

blastocyst

fluid-filled structure with an inner cell mass and trophoblast

embryo

inner cell mass of the blastocyst will form the _______

trophoblast

___________ will form the placenta

gastrulation

process by which the embryo grows from a two-layered disc to a three-layered disc (three primary germ layers)

complete by 3 weeks

endoderm

the inner germ layer that develops into the lining of the digestive and respiratory systems

mesoderm

middle germ layer; develops into muscles, and much of the circulatory, reproductive, and excretory systems

- mesenchymal-like, ability to migrate

ectoderm

outermost germ layer; produces sense organs, nerves, and outer layer of skin

neurulation

notochord will signal the ectoderm above it for _________, or thickening, into the neural plate

neural plate

layer of ectoderm that sinks in to form the neural folds

neural groove

invagination of neural plate

neural crest

A band of cells along the border where the neural tube pinches off from the ectoderm

mesoderm differentiation

forms 3 parts on both sides of notochord:

- somites

- splanchic mesoderm

- somatic mesoderm

somites

intermediate mesoderm

lateral plate

most lateral part of the mesoderm that will form the body cavity

neural crest cells

mesenchymal cells that induce formation of sensory neurons, skin structures, and some skull bones

mesenchymal cells

formed from mesoderm

- CT and blood vessels

- multipotent stem cells for CT (fibroblasts, osteoblasts, adipocytes)

- can mobilize, no cell adhesions, no apical-basal polarity

implantation

The process by which the zygote attaches to the uterine wall within the first week of fertilization

vertebrae

What replaces most of the notochord later in development?

ntervertebral discs

where are there remnants of notochord in adults?

somatic mesoderm

forms dermis of skin, bones, ligaments

splanchic mesoderm

Forms heart and blood vessels as well as visceral serosa, connective tissue and smooth muscle

self-renewal

differentiation`

What are basic properties of mesenchyme?

Originate from the neural folds through interactions of the neural plate with the presumptive epidermis

How do neural crest cells arise during development?

neural tube defects

congenital deformities of the brain and spinal cord caused by incomplete development of the neural tube, the embryonic structure that forms the nervous system

epithelial tissue

Tissue that covers outside of the body and lines organs and cavities.

connective tissue

A body tissue that provides support for the body and connects all of its parts

Where is epithelial tissue found?

Body surfaces, line body cavities, hollow organs and inside/outside of vessels, and are the major tissue in glands

Where is connective tissue found

bones, tendons, fat and other soft padding tissue

epithelial tissue

_____________ has a high regeneration and turnover of cells and is avascular

polarity

epithelial cells have ________, are interconnected, high cellularity, and tend to regenerate with mitosis

apical surface

surface of an epithelial cell that faces away from the basement membrane

site of adhesion proteins, tight junctions, and often cilia

basal surface

The bottom layer of epithelial tissue that attaches to the basement membrane

serves as a filter and foundation

simple cuboidal

_______________ is found in thyroid gland and kidneys and performs the functions of secretion and absorption.

simple columnar

_______________ is found lining most organs of the digestive tract including the stomach, and intestines

simple squamous

_______________ allows passage of materials by diffusion and filtration in sites where protection is not important; secretes lubricating substances in serosae

endocrine gland

a ductless gland that secretes hormones directly into the bloodstream

exocrine gland

gland that releases its secretions through tubelike structures called ducts

goblet cells

___________ are unicellular exocrine glands that release mucus in the airway and gut linings

multicellular glands

include glandular epithelia and aggregations of gland cells that produce exocrine or endocrine secretions

- digestive glands, mammary glands

tight junction

desmosome

gap junction

ground substance

mostly water along with adhesion proteins and polysaccharide molecules

dense regular

tendons and ligaments

dense irregular

dermis of skin

hyaline cartilage

Most common type of cartilage; it is found on the ends of long bones, ribs, and nose

fibrocartilage

matrix is dense with collagen fibers in arranged pattern, chondrocytes are in lacunae

no perichondrium

resists compression/tension in different directions

- intervertebral discs, tendons at bone, pubic symphysis

fibroblasts

produce fibers and ground substance

chondrocytes

Cells that secrete cartilage.

osteoblasts

bone forming cells

loose areolar

mostly ground substance surround vessels, between skin+muscle, surrounds organs

adipose tissue

collection of fat cells

EMT

epithelial to mesenchymal transition

- loss of apico-basal polarity

- gain of mesenchymal proteins

- detachment

sarcomas

Cancers that arise in the connective tissue cells, including bones, ligaments, and muscles

- mesenchymal cancer

collagen fibers

strongest fibers; resist tension via bundles of crosslinked small fibrils

reticular fibers

meshlike, thin colalgen fibrils with more give

elastic fibers

contain elastin protein that allows stretched tissue to recoil

dense elastic CT

walls of large arteries

elastic cartilage

flexible but resilient to stretch

found in ear, epiglottis

epidermis

_________ is epithelial tissue derived from ectoderm

dermis

___________ is connective tissue derived from mesoderm

melanocytes

neural crest cells are progenitors for ___________, between ecto- and mesoderm

keratinocytes

epidermal cells that are connected with desmosomes and produced at the deepest layer from stem cells

stratum granulosum

most waterproof layer of the epidermis due to release of lipids by lamella granules

stretch marks

collagen bundles arranged in lines become torn, making _________________.

reticular

stretch marks originate from the _________ region of the dermis

hypodermis

subcutaneous layer of loos areolar CT under the dermis, with fibroblasts and adipocytes

- connects dermis to fascia of muscle

false

the hypodermis is a part of the skin

high

nail matrix and hair matrix are areas of ______ mitosis.

keratinocytes

nail and hair matrix produce keratinocytes to form keratinized nails and hair

nail matrix

hair matrix

melanocytes

produce melanin pigment in granules that are transferred to keratinocytes and shields them from UV rays

light

melanin is digested by lysosomes in people with ________ skin.

keratin

a fibrous protein forming the main structural constituent of hair and nails

papillary dermis

layer of dermis directly under the epidermis; rich in blood vessels and cappilaries

- functions to increase surface area for diffusion from blood vessels

more

melanocytes produce _______ melanin in response to UV rays

eumelanin

Produces brown to black pigments in the hair

pheomelanin

Produces yellow to red pigments in the hair

melanoma

cancer of melanocytes

- likely to migrate in the blood because melanocytes arise from neural crest cells

curlier

the more ovular the hair shaft gets, the _________ the hair will be