Writing In The Sciences - Flashcards

Flashcards from lecture notes on writing in the sciences focusing on biological molecules and concepts.

Carbon can make __ covalent bonds.

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__ are involved in all organic molecules and contain functional groups that allow for chemical reactions.

Carbon

Main functional groups include Hydroxyl, Carbonyl, Carboxyl, Amino, Sulfhydryl, & .

Phosphate, Methyl

__ is breaking apart a macromolecule by adding a water molecule.

Hydrolysis

__ reactions synthesize macromolecules.

Condensation/dehydration

__ - when two monomers are brought together you lose a water molecule when making a covalent bond between two monomers

Dehydration

A __ Bond is a covalent bond formed between two monomers.

Peptide

Carbohydrate monomers are __.

Monosaccharides

The formula for a monosaccharide is __.

CₙH₂ₙOₙ

__ are stereoisomers with the formula and bonding relationships but different spatial positions.

α-D-glucose and β-D-glucose

Polymers of α-D-glucose form __ for storage in animals.

Glycogen

Polymers of α-D-glucose form __ for storage in plants.

Starch

Polymers of β-D-glucose form __ for structural support in plant cell walls.

Cellulose

The covalent bond formed between monosaccharides is called a __ bond.

Glycosidic

Nucleic acids include and .

DNA, RNA

The monomer of a nucleic acid is a __.

Nucleotide

A nucleotide consists of a phosphate, sugar, and __ base.

Nitrogenous

The purines are and .

Adenine, Guanine

The pyrimidines in DNA are and .

Thymine, Cytosine

__ is a nitrogenous base found only in RNA.

Uracil

Nucleotides are joined via __ reactions.

Condensation

The bond linking nucleotides is called a __ bond.

Phosphodiester

Lipids are mostly made of and .

Carbon, Hydrogen

__ are long, unbranched hydrocarbons with a carboxyl group on one end.

Fatty acids

__ fatty acids have only single bonds and are linear, allowing them to pack easily.

Saturated

__ fatty acids have at least one double bond, causing a bend in the carbon backbone.

Unsaturated

__ is formed by joining one glycerol molecule with three fatty acid tails via condensation.

Triglyceride

__ is a phosphorylated glycerol backbone with two fatty acid chains and is an important component of membranes.

Phospholipid

Phospholipids are __ meaning they have both polar and nonpolar regions.

Amphipathic

__ are signaling molecules with a hydrophobic ring structure, like cholesterol.

Steroids

Proteins are formed by a condensation or __ reaction.

Dehydration

The monomer of a protein is an __.

Amino acid

Amino acids are linked by __ bonds.

Peptide

The __ determines the chemical properties of an amino acid.

Functional group (R-group)

Protein __ refers to the 3D shape of a protein.

Conformation

Denaturing disrupts protein ___.

Function

A protein's __ structure is a string of amino acids.

Primary

The and structure of a protein are held together by hydrogen bonds.

Secondary, Tertiary

The __ structure of a protein contains multiple polypeptides.

Quaternary