PSYC 104 - Midterm 2 (chapters 4,5,6)

Dr. Jennifer Shorts online asynchronous class Grant MacEwan University

Sensation

Detection of physical energy by our source organs, objective (finger to brain)

Perception

The interpretation of the sensory input, subjective, (how brain sees things)

Bottom up processing

Start with details ebd with meaningful concepts (details before big picture)

Top down processing

Start with expectations impose expectation on stimuli (big picture before detail)

Subliminal information processing

a stimulus is presented below the threshold for conscious recognition, yet the stimulus can still affect behavior as it has been registered at a basic level of perception

Gestalt

Seeing things as a unified whole (if things are close we assume they are together) proximity, similarity, continuity, closure, figure ground and symmetry

Depth perception

is the ability to see objects as having volume (as opposed to seeing flat silhouettes) and seeing them as three dimensional rather than 2 dimensional.

cones

they allow us to see colors we have 3 different types of these

Color perception

we have 3 types of cones an absence or reduced amount of one or more results in colorblindness (monochromats, dichromats)

After images

When we look at one color for a long time then look away a faint negative image appears in the complementary colors of it. (red and green, blue and yellow, black and white)

Feature Detection

Detection of lines an edges perception of edges and corners of objects.

Binding

Our brains combine pieces of information into a unified whole (when humans view a scene containing a red circle and a green square, some neurons signal the presence of red, others signal the presence of green, still others the circle shape and square shape)

sound

disturbance caused by vibrations of molecules of air which produces sound waves

Pitch

frequency of wave

loudness

amplitude of sound waves

timbre

quality or complexity of sound

frequency theory (up to 100Hz)

hear the pitch through the firing of action potentials in our neurons that reproduce that pitch.

Volley Theory (100-5000Hz)

neurons fire at their maximum but they are slightly out of sync with each other. this is what produces that pitch.

Place Theory (5000-20,000Hz)

Their is a specific place along the basilar membrane it is engaged based on the pitch.

Conductive Deafness

Malfunctioning of the ear. particulary the failing of the eardrum or ossicles

Nerve Deafness

damage to the auditory nerve itself.

noise induced hearing loss

damage to the hair cells. this can be caused by exposure to extremely loud noise can be a one time thing or damage over time

Odour

Airborne chemicals that interact with receptors in our noses. (always a chemical sense) Lock and key neurons get unlocked by a single odour based on it’s shape.

taste

papillae contain taste buds 5 different types each with their own taste buds. (salty, sour, sweet, umami, bitter)

Touch

alerts us to our environment, including urgent matters, temp and deep cold

Pain

Alerts us to take care of injuries

Spinal relflexes

reaction to stimuli prior to the information being relayed to brain sites dedication.

Gate Control Model

A mechanism in the spinal cord, in which pain signals can be sent up to the brain to be processed to accentuate the possible perceived pain, or attenuate it at the spinal cord.

Pain (Acute)

Warns that you have injured yourself

Pain (Chronic)

outlives the initial injury and can be debilitating

proprioception

Helps us keep track of where we are. also known as kinesthesia.

Vestibular Sense

Enables us to sense and maintain balance. Also known as the movement, gravity and/or balance sense

Consciousness

A persons subjective experience of themselves and the world.

Hallucinations

Experiencing realistic sensory perceptions in the absence of external stimuli.

Out of Body Experience

Sense of your consciousness leaving the body.

Hypnosis

An interaction(or relationship) in which the hypnotist administers imaginative suggestions to the client with the intention of producing changes in consciousness.

Clinical Hypnosis

Found to assist in treatment of medical and psychological conditions, improving patients quality of life.

Sociocognitive Theory

Peoples attitudes, beliefs, motivations and expectations about hypnosis impact their response to hypnosis.

Dissociative Theory

a defense mechanism in which conflicting impulses are kept apart or threatening ideas and feelings are separated from the rest of the psyche.

Depressants

depress effects of the central nervous system. including slowed thinking, impaired concentration, impaired walking, impaired muscular coordination

Depressants (Alcohol)

It will depress the CNS one of the depressants only used for recreational purposes. It can also be used as a stimulant this can cause more energy, feeling more talkative etc

Depressant (Sedative- Hypnosis)

Is calming and can be sleep inducing at high doses it can produce unconsciousness, coma and death.

Stimulants

They excite the CNS, they increase the heart rate, respiration and blood pressure. (Ex nicotine)

Narcotics

They relieve pain and induce sleep (ex heroin)

Psychedelics

Produces alteration in perception, mood and thought (ex marijuana,LSD)

Substance Use Disorder

Not how much they use it but whether the pattern they use it in causes clinically significant impairment or distress.

Stages of sleep (Stage 1)

Light sleep, may not even think you were asleep, may experience hypnagogic imagery and myoglobin jerk, lasts about 5-10 minutes.

Stages of Sleep (Stage 2)

Brain waves and heart rate slows, body temp decreases, muscles relax, eye movement ceases we spend about 65% of sleep here

Stages to Sleep(Stages 3&4)

Deeper slow wave sleep, required to feel rested, alcohol suppresses delta sleep, spend about 75% or sleep here

Stages of sleep (Stage 5)

REM sleep, increased heart rate and blood pressure, rapid and irregular breath, dream more and longer later in sleep, spend about 20-25% here.

REM Sleep

Biologically necessary, REM rebound: after REM deprecation the amount and intensity of REM sleep increases the next time you sleep.

Circadian Rhythm

“Biological clock”, changes that occur during a 24-25 hour cycle: hormones, brainwaves, body temp and drowsiness.

Activation-synthesis Theory

Dreams represent brain activity in sleep and brains attempt to make sense of neural signals. Brain activation includes: surges of acetylcholine, activation of amygdala, reduction in serotonin and norepinephrine. Provides an opportunity to explore possibilities.

Neurocognitive Theory

Dreams relate to waking concerns, reflecting our loved experiences and cognitive capabilities.

Learning

A change in actions, thoughts and emotions that results from experiences. It allows us to connect to experiences and interpret our environment better.

Habituation

Tendency to respond less strongly over repeated exposure to a stimuli. Only occurs with stimuli that is perceived as harmless or worth ignoring.

Conditioning

Forming associations between stimuli, building blocks for learning and forming complex ideas.

Latent Learning

It is not directly observable, Differentiates between competence and performance. Ones behaviors or thought process may not be changed even though they learned something new.

Mirror Neurons

Cells in the prefrontal cortex that are activated when watching another persons motions.

Taste Aversion

Association between taste and a negative stimulus results in aversion to that taste. (Ex getting food poisoning)

Phobias (Preparedness)

This can lead to quicker conditioning of fear and illusory correlations.

Prepared Stimuli

Predisposed to fear

Unprepared Stimuli

Not predisposed to fear

Instinctive Drift

The tendency to innate behaviours.

Classical Conditioning

Forming associations among stimuli. These associations are the mental building blocks for more complex ideas (ex when you walk towards the dogs food they know it’s time to eat they start to drool)(unconditioned stimulus is automatic) (also known as Pavlovian conditioning)

Acquisition

Gradually learned the conditioned response. This occurs faster when conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus are presented close together.

Extinction

Conditioned response decreases and disappears after the conditioned stimulus is repeated presented alone. Not forgetting it is new learning.

Spontaneous Recovery

After extinction, A CR reappears when a CS is present again. If extinction occurred in setting that is different than the learning setting, renewal effect can happen when returned to the learning setting.

Generalization (Classical Conditioning)

the tendency to respond in the same way to different but similar stimuli.

Discrimination (Classical Conditioning)

the ability to differentiate between a conditioned stimulus and other stimuli that have not been paired with an unconditioned stimulus.

Operant Conditioning (instrumental conditioning)

Learning that controlled by the consequences that follow that behaviour.

Reinforcement (Consequences)

A consequence to a behaviour that increases the likelihood of the behaviour occurring.

Punishment (Consequences)

A consequence to a behaviour that decreases the likelihood of the behaviour occurring.

Positive Reinforcement

Administer a stimulus to increase the likelihood of that behaviour. (Ex giving a kid a treat when they play nice)

Positive Punishment

Administer a stimulus to decrease the likelihood of that behaviour. (Ex giving a kid a lecture when they get a bad grade)

Negative Reinforcement

Remove a stimulus to increase the likelihood of that behaviour. (Ex removing a chore when a kid has good grades)

Positive Reinforcement

Remove a stimulus to decrease the likelihood of that behaviour. (Ex taking a video game when they do bad on a test)

Applying Punishment

More effective when is it delivered consistently, follows undesired behaviour quickly and a desirable behaviour is simultaneously reinforcement.

Applying Reinforcement (Continuous)

Provide reinforcement every time a behaviour occurs.

Applying Reinforcement (Partial)

Provide reinforcement only some of the time the behaviour occurs.