The Particle Nature of Matter

The Particle nature of matter

is anything that occupies space and has mass

Matter

all matter is composed of

small, discrete particles that are in constant motion

are tightly packed in a fixed structure

Solids

they vibrate but dont move around freely

Solids

they have a definite volume, but no definite shape

Liquids

have a definite shape and volume

Solids

are closely packed but can move past eachother allowing them to flow

Liquids

particles are far apart

Gases

and moved freely at high speeds

Gases

have neither definite shape nor volume

Gases

believed that everything is made of tiny, indivisble particles called atoms. According to them, atoms are eternal indestructivle and in constant motion

Leucippus and Democritus

rejected the idea of atoms and believed that all matter is made up of four elements

Aristotle

Aristotle also introduced the concept of ___ as a fifth element

Aether

is the smallest unit of an element that retains its chemical properties

Atoms

atoms are made up of three main subatomic particles

Protons

Neutrons

Electrons

positively charged particles found in the nucleus

Protons

neutral particles found in the nucleus

Neutrons

Negatively charged particles that orbit the nucleus

Electrons

Atoms can combine to form

Molecules or Ions

Substances made of only one type of atom

Elements

Example of Elements

Oxygen

Substances made of two or more different atoms chemically bonded

Compounds

Example of Compounds

Water

consist of two or more substances physically combined but not chemically bonded

Mixtures

Uniform composition throughout

Homogenous Mixture

salt water is a

Homogeneous Mixture

Non uniform composition

Heterogeneous Mixture

Examples is salad, oil, and water

Heterogeneous Mixture

A homogeneous mixture where particles are completely dissolved

Solution

Example of Solution

sugar in water

Mixtures when particles are dispersed throughout but do not settle

Colloids

Example of Colloids

Milk

Mixtures where particles are large enough to settle out over time

Suspensions

was a key figure in developing modern atomic theory

John Dalton

a group of two or more atoms bonded together

Molecule

an atom or molecule with a net electrical charge

Ion

a unit of length used to measure atomic and molecular sizes

Angstroms

A powerful tool that allows scientists to visualize and manipulate idividual atoms

Scanning Tunneling Microscope

resistence to scratching or deformation

Hardness

Ability to conduct heat or electricity

Conductivity

Mass per unit volume

Density

Temp. at which a substance changes from solid to liqyid

Melting Point

temp at which a substance changes from liquid to gas

Boiling point

How easily a substance reacts with others

Reactivity

Ability to catch Fire

Flammability

explains the behavior of particles in diff states of matter

Kinetic Molecular Theory

Ability of a material to return to its original state after being stretched or compressed

Elasticity

Measure of a fluids resistance to flow

Viscosity

ability to transfer HeAT

Thermal Conductivitya

bility to be stetched into thin wires

Ductility

Ability to be hammered into thin sheets

Malleability

Shiny appearance of metals due to their ability to reflect light

Luster

Ability of a substance to dissolve in a solvent

Solubility

Solid to liquod

Melting

Liquid to Solid

Freezing

This is when particles at the surface of a liquid gain enough energy to escape into the gas phase. It can occur at any temperature but happens faster at higher temperatures

EVAPORTION

IS A TYPE OF VAPORIZATION THAT OCCURS THROUGJ THE ENTIRE LIQUOD INTIL IT REACHES ITS BOILING POINT

Boling

Liquid to gas

Evaporation

Gas to liquid

Condensation

Solid to liquid

Sublimation

occurs when a solid changes directly into a gas without passing through the liquid phase.

Sublimation

Gas to solid

Deposition