A&P 2 Exam 2 Online

The structure of a capillary wall differs from that of a vein or artery because

capillary walls have only endothelium and a basement membrane.

Which of the following arteries branches directly from the aortic arch?

Brachiocephalic artery

The_________ vein connects the basilic vein and cephalic vein.

median cubital

Which type of capillary has the largest diameter?

Venous sinuses

Precapillary sphincters

control the blood flow into capillary beds.

Which of the following blood vessels supplies blood to the diaphragm?

Superior phrenic artery

Valves similar to the semilunar valves of the heart are found in medium and large_________.

veins

Blood is moved through the vascular system by

pressure gradients created by the heart.

Which of the following structures helps to regulate body temperature?

Glomus

The first blood vessels that branch from the ascending aorta are the_________.

coronary arteries

If a person develops high blood pressure, one of the compensatory mechanisms that comes into play is the fluid shift mechanism. This mechanism causes

water to shift from the capillaries into the interstitial spaces.

The greatest resistance to blood flow and therefore the greatest drop in pressure occurs as blood passes through the_________.

arterioles

Arteriosclerosis is characterized by

Both "thickening of the tunica intima" and "loss of elasticity in the tunica media" are correct.

Which type of veins connect two primary capillary networks?

Portal veins

All of the following are functions of the circulatory system

• carries blood.

• regulates blood pressure.

• transports nutrients.

• directs blood flow to tissues.

• excretes waste products

  except,

excretes waste products.

The vertebral arteries arise from the_________.

right and left subclavian arteries

Which of the following arteries is part of a circulatory pathway to the brain?

Internal carotid artery

When comparing veins and arteries of the same diameter, which of the following statements is not true?

• Veins have thinner walls.

• Veins have valves.

• Veins have fewer smooth muscle fibers.

• Veins have a larger lumen.

• Veins have more elastic tissue.

Veins have more elastic tissue.

Select the statement that best describes the pulmonary circulation.

System of blood vessels that carries blood from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs and back to the left atrium of the heart

The three major arteries of the upper limb that form a continuum are the_________.

subclavian, axillary, and brachial arteries

Distributing arteries

contain a thick tunica media.

Systemic circulation

includes the aorta and all of its branches.

Which layer of an artery wall contains endothelium?

Tunica intima

The lining of a capillary is called the_________.

endothelium

Which of the following statements concerning blood vessel walls is true?

The tunica intima is the innermost layer of a blood vessel wall.

Which of the following enhances the exchange between capillary walls and the interstitial spaces?

The thinness of the capillary wall

The vasomotor center

sends low frequency action potentials to blood vessels to maintain tone.

The vein that ascends along the medial side of the lower limb to the femoral vein is the_________ saphenous vein, and the vein that ascends along the posterior aspect of the leg to the popliteal vein is the_________ saphenous vein.

great; small

Veins

may contain valves and are lined with endothelium.

Which statement about arteries and veins is CORRECT?

Veins contain valves and arteries do not.

Blood flow into the deep and superficial palmar arches originates from the_________ and_________ arteries.

radial; ulnar

Sympathetic nerve fibers that innervate blood vessel walls are found primarily in the_________.

tunica media

Which of the following arteries sends branches to the stomach and liver?

Celiac artery

Which of the following are the three unpaired arteries arising from the abdominal aorta?

Celiac trunk, superior mesenteric artery, and inferior mesenteric artery

The superficial vessels typically seen in the hand and forearm are tributaries of the_________ and_________ veins.

cephalic; basilic

A direct connection between an arteriole and a venule without an intervening capillary bed is a/an_________.

arteriovenous anastomosis

When contrasting arteries and veins, which of the following statements is true?

Arteries have a thicker tunica media than veins.

The right atrium receives blood from

the body and the heart.

Blood vessels enter and exit from the_________ of the heart.

base

All of the following are functions of the heart, except_________.

• adjusting blood gas levels, depending on tissue needs

• adjusting blood supply, depending on tissue needs

• separating pulmonary and systemic circulations

• moving blood in one direction

• generating blood pressure

adjusting blood gas levels, depending on tissue needs

Chemoreceptors sensitive to blood oxygen levels are primarily located in the

carotid arteries.

Identify the structures that contribute to the slow onset of contraction and prolonged contraction phase in cardiac muscle tissue.

T-tubules

The procedure whereby a small balloon is placed into a partially occluded coronary artery and then inflated to increase blood flow through the artery is called a/an_________.

angioplasty

Aortic stenosis results from

a narrowed opening through the aortic valve.

Under resting conditions, the normal stroke volume is approximately_________.

70 mL

The ion primarily responsible for depolarization in pacemaker cells is_________, whereas the ion primarily responsible for this in other cardiac cells is_________.

Ca²⁺; Na²⁺

What is the foramen ovale?

An opening between the right and left atria in the embryo and fetus

Baroreceptor reflexes

can change heart rate.

What vessel exits the left ventricle?

Aorta

A stab wound into the heart can result in cardiac tamponade. This means that

the heart is compressed by blood in the pericardial sac.

The inner lining of the pericardial cavity is the_________ pericardium, whereas the outer part of the heart wall is called the epicardium or the_________ pericardium.

parietal; visceral

The peripheral chemoreceptors that respond to oxygen levels of the blood and regulate heart activity are located in

structures near the carotids and aortic arch.

Lowered extracellular K⁺ levels will lower the heart rate because

the resting membrane potential is hyperpolarized.

Why is body temperature sometimes reduced during heart surgery?

To decrease heart rate

Angina pectoris is chest pain caused by reduced

blood supply to cardiac muscle.

The right side of the heart receives blood from the body and pumps through the_________ circulation to the lungs.

pulmonary

Where is blood moving during the period of ejection?

Ventricles to great vessels

The long refractory period observed in cardiac muscle

prevents tetanic contractions of the cardiac muscle.

The period of isovolumetric contraction is immediately followed by

the period of ejection.

A knowledge of heart location would NOT be important for which of the following?

Blood pressure readings

The adult heart averages_________ grams.

250-300

Which of the following layers forms the bulk of the heart wall?

Myocardium

Blood in the pulmonary veins returns to the

left atrium.

Chemoreceptors sensitive to blood carbon dioxide levels are primarily located in the

medulla oblongata.

The function of the pericardial fluid is to

reduce friction between the pericardial membranes.

When comparing cardiac muscle cells and skeletal muscle cells,

action potentials are conducted from cell to cell only in cardiac muscle.

The cardioregulatory center of the brain is located in the

medulla oblongata.

The baroreceptor reflex would cause which of the following events to occur if the reflex was caused by an increase in blood pressure?

Increased parasympathetic stimulation of the heart

All of the following structural changes found in the heart occur with the normal aging process, except

increased elasticity of large vessels.

A direct connection between arteries is called a/an_________.

anastomosis

If cardiac muscle cells are unable to repolarize, this would cause

the heart rate to decrease. It might cause cardiac arrest.

Coronary artery disease can diminish myocardial blood flow resulting in the death of myocardial cells. This condition is known as a myocardial_________.

infarction

An increase in extracellular Ca²⁺ generally increases

the force of contraction.

Which of the following is NOT an enzyme given to someone experiencing a myocardial infarction to break up blood clots?

Nitroglycerin

The delivery of oxygen and nutrients to the tissues of the body is accomplished through the_________ circulation.

systemic

The serous membranes that surround the lungs are called the_________ membranes.

pleural

The olfactory epithelium responsible for the sense of smell is located in the_________.

roof of the nasal cavity

Which of the following is a passageway for both air and food?

Pharynx

The nasal vestibule is located in the_________ portion of the nasal cavity.

anterior

Air in the pleural cavity is called

a pneumothorax.

The volume of air inspired or expired with each breath is the_________.

tidal volume

The auditory tubes open into the_________.

nasopharynx

Which of the following structures opens directly into the nasal cavity?

Paranasal sinuses

The portion of the pharynx that extends from the internal nares to the level of the uvula is the_________.

nasopharynx

Pulmonary (external) respiration refers to

gas exchange between the lungs and the blood.

The nasal septum

divides the nose into right and left chambers.

What is the volume of air that can be forcibly expired after expiration of the tidal volume?

Expiratory reserve volume

Ventilation refers to the

movement of air into and out of the lungs.