Macromolecules

dehydration reaction

the removal of a water molecule that forms a new bond

hydrolysis

the addition of a water molecule that breaks a bond

aldose (aldehyde sugars)

carbonyl group at the end of carbon skeleton

ketose (ketone sugars)

carbonyl group within the carbon skeleton

glycosidic linkage

covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction

polysaccharides used by plants and animals + functions

starch in plants for energy, cellulose in plants for cell wall structure, glycogen in animals for energy storage in liver and muscle cells

difference in 3D arrangement of starch and cellulose

glucose monomers in starch are in the alpha configuration (they are in the same orentation), glucose monomers in cellulose are in the beta configuration (they are upside down)

starch composition

amylose and amylopectin, branched molecule

glycogen composition

composed of alpha glucose monomers, more branched than amylopectin

cellulose composition

beta glucose monomers, forms microfibrils that strengthen the cell wall

chitin

structural polysaccharide used by arthropods for their exoskeleton and used by fungi for their cell wall

saturated fat

solid at room temperature, the hydrocarbon chains of the fatty acid

unsaturated fat

liquid at room temperature, hydrocarbon chain of a fatty acid that has one or more double bonds

hydrogenation of unsaturated fat

the synthetic conversion of unsaturated fat to saturated fat by adding hydrogen, allowing it to solidify

adipose cells

where humans and mammals store long-term food reserves, found under the skin and around internal organs like the kidneys

hydrophobic part of phospholipid

hydrocarbon tail

hydrophilic part of phospholipid

phosphate head

number of amino acids present in proteins and number of essentials

20 and 9

peptide bond

a covalent bond between amino acids by dehydration reactions to form peptides, polypeptides, and proteins

primary protein structure

linear sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain

alpha helix secondary protein structure

H bonds between every 4th amino acid in a polypeptide chain

beta pleated sheet secondary protein structure

H bonds between 2 or more segments of the same polypeptide chain laying side by side

tertiary protein structure

3D polypeptide chain due to interactions between amino acid side chains

hydrophobic interactions in tertiary protein structure

van der waals, ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds, disulfide linkages

quaternary protein structure

protein consisting of more than one amino acid

nucleotide composition

pentose, nitrogenous base, phosphate group

pyrimidines

cytosine, thymine, uracil

purines

adenine, guanine

differences between pyrimidines and purines (RNA and DNA assignment)

adenine, cytosine, guanine are found in both DNA and RNA, thymine is only found in DNA, uracil is only found in RNA

nucleoside

pentose and nitrogenous base, phosphate group absent

complimentary base pairings + number of bonds

adenine with thymine/uracil has 2 H bonds, guanine with cytosine has 3 H bonds