Amendment 1-23

APUSH - The DEFINITION should be 1)what it is about, 2) its historical context, 3)people's reaction towards it + any actions taken by them.

Amendment 13

1) Abolishes slavery and involuntary servitude, except as punishment for a crime. 2) Ratified in 1865, following the Civil War, as a cornerstone of Reconstruction efforts. 3) Celebrated in the North as a monumental step toward equality; met with resistance in the South, leading to the implementation of Black Codes.

Amendment 14

1) Grants citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the U.S. and guarantees equal protection under the laws. 2) Ratified in 1868 to address issues related to former slaves and ensure their rights. 3) Faced opposition from Southern states; has become a foundation for civil rights advancements.

Amendment 15

1) Prohibits denying the right to vote based on race, color, or previous condition of servitude. 2) Ratified in 1870 during Reconstruction to enfranchise African American men. 3) Met with both support and opposition; led to practices like literacy tests and poll taxes to circumvent its intent.

Amendment 16

1) Allows Congress to levy an income tax without apportioning it among the states. 2) Ratified in 1913 to address revenue needs and economic disparities. 3) Marked a shift in federal taxation; faced opposition from those against federal power expansion.

Amendment 17

1) Establishes the direct election of U.S. Senators by popular vote. 2) Ratified in 1913 to reduce corruption and increase democratic participation. 3) Empowered voters; shifted some political power from state legislatures to the public.

Amendment 18

1) Prohibits the manufacture, sale, and transportation of intoxicating liquors (Prohibition). 2) Ratified in 1919 amid temperance movements aiming to reduce alcohol consumption. 3) Led to illegal bootlegging and organized crime; ultimately deemed unsuccessful.

Amendment 19

1) Grants women the right to vote. 2) Ratified in 1920 after decades of women's suffrage activism. 3) Marked a significant victory for women's rights; faced opposition from traditionalists but led to increased political participation by women.

Amendment 20

1) Changes the dates of congressional and presidential terms, reducing the "lame duck" period. 2) Ratified in 1933 to improve governmental efficiency during transitions. 3) Streamlined the transfer of power; generally accepted as a practical reform.

Amendment 21

1) Repeals the 18th Amendment, ending Prohibition. 2) Ratified in 1933 in response to the negative effects of Prohibition, including crime and loss of tax revenue. 3) Widely celebrated; marked the only instance of repealing a constitutional amendment.