RPH CHAPT2

Source

Definition: Anything that has been left behind by the past that can provide information about the past.

Documents

Definition: Written or printed materials that were produced in the past.

Numerical Records

Definition: Any type of numerical data in printed or handwritten form.

Oral Statements

Definition: Any form of statement made orally.

Relics

Definition: Objects whose physical or visual characteristics can provide information about the past.

Primary Sources

Definition: Documents or physical objects created during the time under study that provide first-hand or direct information about an event or period.

Secondary Sources

Definition: Documents or recordings that discuss or analyze information originally presented elsewhere through generalization, analysis, synthesis, interpretation, or evaluation.

Tertiary Sources

Definition: Sources that provide third-hand information by reporting, compiling, or summarizing ideas and details from secondary sources.

Primary = direct/first-hand; Secondary = analyzes or interprets primary information; Tertiary = summarizes or compiles information from secondary sources.

Primary vs. Secondary vs. Tertiary Sources

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Primary Sources

Direct evidence or first-hand information from the time, event, or experience being studied.

Secondary Sources

Definition: Analysis or interpretation of information from original/primary sources.

Tertiary Sources

Definition: Summarized or compiled information derived from secondary and other existing sources.

Autobiography

Definition: An account of a person's life written by that person.

Memoir

Definition: A history or record composed from a person's personal observations and experiences, usually focusing on events the writer experienced or closely observed.

Diary

Definition: A form of autobiographical writing that is a regularly kept record of the diarist's activities and reflections.

Personal Letter

Definition: An informal letter concerning personal matters sent from one individual to another.

Correspondence

Definition: A body or collection of letters or communications.

Interview

Definition: A conversation in which questions are asked and answers are given, with one person acting as interviewer and another as interviewee.

Survey

Definition: A list of questions designed to collect specific data from a particular group of people.

Field Research or Fieldwork

Definition: The collection of information outside a laboratory, library, or workplace setting.

Photographs and Posters

Definition: Visual sources that can illustrate past events and show people or conditions as they were at a particular time

Paintings

Definition: A form of visual art using paint or ink to depict a scene or an artist's rendering of a subject.

Drawing

Definition: A form of visual art in which a person uses drawing instruments to mark paper or another two-dimensional medium.

Speech

Definition: A form of spoken communication delivered by a speaker before an audience for a particular purpose.

Autobiography = a person's account of their own life; Memoir = a record focusing on personal observations and experiences, often involving particular events.

Autobiography vs. Memoir

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Autobiography = written by the person whose life is being described; Biography = written by another person about someone's life.

Autobiography vs. Biography

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Biographical works = general category of works about a person's life; Biography = a specific type of biographical work describing a real person's life.

Biography vs. Biographical Works

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Memoir = reflective account of personal experiences or historical events; Diary = regularly recorded activities, thoughts, and reflections.

Memoir vs. Diary

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Personal Letter = one informal personal communication; Correspondence = a body or collection of letters or communications.

Personal Letter vs. Correspondence

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Interview = direct conversation involving questions and answers; Survey = a list of questions used to collect data from a group.

Interview vs. Survey

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Photographs record visual information about people/events at a particular time; Paintings are visual representations created using paint or ink.

Photographs vs. Paintings

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Paintings primarily use paint or ink; Drawings use drawing instruments to create marks on a two-dimensional medium.

Paintings vs. Drawings

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Bibliographies

Definition: Organized lists of sources, sometimes followed by brief notes or annotations.

Biographical Works

Definition: Works that deal with or describe the life of a person.

Biography

Definition: A description or account of a real person's life, including factual details and stories from the person's life.

Literature Review

Definition: An evaluation report of information found in literature related to a selected area of study.

Biography = another person writes about someone's life; Autobiography = a person writes about their own life.

Biography vs. Autobiography

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Biographical Works = broader category of works about a person's life; Biography = a specific written account of a person's life.

Biographical Works vs. Biography

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Dictionary

Definition: A reference source that provides the meanings, definitions, pronunciations, and sometimes usage of words.

Encyclopedia

Definition: A reference source that provides summarized information about people, places, events, concepts, and subjects.

Almanac

Definition: A reference source containing compiled facts, statistics, dates, records, and other useful information.

Textbook Summaries

Definition: Condensed presentations of information from existing sources that summarize important ideas, events, or topics for learning.

Wikipedia Entry

Definition: An online entry that provides summarized information about a particular topic, generally compiled from existing sources and references.

Library

Definition: A collection of sources of information and similar resources made accessible to a defined community for reference and borrowing

Archive

Definition: An accumulation of historical records or the physical place where those records are kept.

Historical Society

Definition: An organization dedicated to preserving, collecting, researching, and interpreting historical information or items.

Library, Archive, Museum, Historical Society

Definition: These are institutions, collections, or places that preserve, organize, provide access to, or interpret historical materials. They are not automatically one specific source type.

Sources engage students, develop critical thinking, help construct knowledge, provide first-hand knowledge, encourage consideration of different points of view, help students understand the continuum of history, and develop empathy for the human condition.

Importance of Using Sources

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Engaging Students

Definition: Primary sources help students relate personally to past events and develop a deeper understanding of history as a series of human events.

Develop Critical Thinking Skills

Definition: Historical sources require students to examine evidence and think critically about information instead of simply accepting claims.

Construct Knowledge

Definition: Inquiry into sources encourages students to compare multiple sources, confront contradictions, and recognize differing points of view.

First-hand Knowledge

Definition: Primary sources provide first-hand knowledge that helps students understand historical events.

Consider Different Points of View in Analysis

Definition: Analyzing primary sources moves students from concrete observations and facts to inferences about the materials, including the source's point of view.

Understand the Continuum of History

Definition: Students understand that people continually participate in making history and leave behind primary-source documentation that can become records of the past.

Acquire Empathy for the Human Condition

Definition: Historical sources help students understand the experiences, perspectives, and circumstances of people in the past.

Historical Criticism

Definition: The process of critically examining historical sources to determine their authenticity, accuracy, reliability, and usefulness.

External Criticism

Definition: Refers to determining the genuineness or authenticity of a document or historical source.

Internal Criticism

Definition: Refers to determining the accuracy and reliability of the contents of a document.

External Criticism – Main Question

Internal Criticism – Main Question

Definition: “Is this document or source genuine?”

Definition: “Is what this document says accurate and reliable?”

Historical Bias

Definition: An inclination or prejudice that causes a person to present or hold a partial perspective while refusing to consider the possible merits of alternative viewpoints.

Bias – Merriam-Webster

Source?

: A tendency to believe that some people or ideas are better than others, usually resulting in unfair treatment

Bias – Oxford Dictionary

Source?

: An inclination or prejudice for or against one person or group, especially in a way considered unfair.

Gender Bias

Definition: Different treatment of a person based on their real or perceived gender identity.

Cultural Bias

Definition: The tendency to interpret a word or action according to culturally derived meanings.

Racial Bias

Definition: A system of structuring opportunity and assigning value based on physical characteristics such as skin color and hair texture that unfairly disadvantages some individuals or groups.

Religious Bias

Definition: Bias against individuals based on their religion or belief.

Political Bias

Definition: Bias that emerges in a political context when individuals are unable or unwilling to understand an opposing political point of view.

Historical Significance

Definition: The process used to evaluate what was significant about selected events, people, and developments in the past.

Historical Significance – Main Idea

Definition: Historians use different criteria to judge why an event, person, or development is important or significant.

Teaching significant history means telling students what is important; judging significance requires students to consider evidence and make their own judgments about why something was historically significant.

Teaching Significant History vs. Judging Significance

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Relevance

Definition: The importance of an event, person, or development to people living at the time or its continuing relevance to people today.

Relevance

Definition: Was it important to people at the time? Is it still relevant today? Who was affected and why was it important to them?

Resonance

Definition: The extent to which an event connects with people's experiences, beliefs, attitudes, or analogies across time and place.

Flashcard 97

Resonance

Definition: Connection across time and place.

Revealing

Definition: Whether an event or development reveals another aspect of the past.

Revealing

Definition: What does it reveal about the past?

Resulting

Definition: Whether an event or development had consequences for the future.

Resulting

Definition: What happened because of it afterward?

Durability

Definition: The length of time people's lives were affected by an event or development.

Durability

How long did the impact last?

Quantity

Definition: The number of people affected by an event or development.

Quantity

How many people were affected?

Profundity

Definition: The depth or seriousness of the effect an event or development had on people's lives.

Profundity

How deeply were people affected?

Primary Sources

Definition: Direct / First-hand

Secondary

Definition: Analyzes / Interprets

Tertiary

Definition: Summarizes / Compiles

External Criticism

Definition: Authenticity

Internal Criticism

Definition: Accuracy

Autobiography

Definition: My own life story

Memoir

Definition: My personal experiences/observations

Biography

Definition: Someone else's account of a person's life

Diary

Definition: Regular record of activities/reflections

Personal Letter

Definition: One personal communication

Correspondence

Defingition: Collection of communications

Interview

Definition: Conversation / questions and answers

Survey

Definition: List of questions for collecting data

Library

Definition: Collection for reference/borrowing

Archive

Definition: Historical records / place where records are preserved

Museum

Definition: Preserves artifacts and objects