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transition
purine for purine, pyrimidine for pyrimidine
transversion
purine for pyrimidine
chromosomal translocation
move piece from 1 chromosome to another
carcinogen
capable of causing cancer
carcinogen methods
covalently modify bases in DNA
cause DNA adducts to form
disrupt DNA 3D structure
DNA damage
change shape of DNA helix, affects how it is packed and read
adducts
DNA-protein cross-linked complexes
translesion repair
DNA polymerase incorporates A into abasic sequence
base excision repair
change in FG changes H bonding, forming bubbles
enzymes surround bubbles → cut out and replace bad nucleotide → ligase
endonuclease, Pol beta, DNA ligase
nucleotide excision repair
thymine dimers → big bubbles
take out chunk
DNA helicase, endonuclease, DNA Pol and DNA ligase
mismatch repair
mismatch recognition → subunit assembly → nick formation and exonuclease recruitment → excision → resynthesis and DNA ligation
homologous recombination
find homologous sequence, form holliday junction
non-homologous end joining
stick it together
alkylating agents
alkylate bases, can cause DNA fragmentation, crosslinking, and inhibit transcription
antimetabolites
competitively inhibit reactions
aromatase inhibitors
inhibit estrogen synthesis
drug resistance mechanisms
modify drug metabolism
increase drug target
stop influx
increase efflux
Note 
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