INFORMATION SYSTEMS, Computer System and its Components, Computer History (copy)

INFORMATION SYSTEMS

Collects data, process data into information then converts information into
knowledge for a specific purpose

DIFFERENT TYPES OF IS
Transaction Processing Systems

predominant function is to record data collected at the boundaries of
organizations, in other words, at the point where the organization transacts business
with other parties. (ATM, POS, etc..)

Management Information Systems

Information System for planning, control, decision-making, and problem solving.

On-demand Output

Reports or the output part of MIS.

Group Decision Support Systems (GDSS/DSS)

It takes the optimal course of actions, gather detailed data and information to help middle/senior
managers make decisions.

Executive Information Systems/Executive Support System (EIS/ESS)

To help high ranking officers/executives direct an organization to focus on long range strategic plan.

Expert Systems

Incorporation of human expertise to a computer system that emulates our decision making. - AI

Geographic Information System

A database that contains data about part of a city, a country, a state, or even the entire world. (Google
Maps, Waze, and other uses especially for agriculture)

IS CLASSIFICATION BY FUNCTION
Accounting

information systems help record business transactions, produce periodic
financial statements, and create reports required by law, such as balance sheets and
profit-and-loss statements. They also help create reports that may not be required by
law but help managers understand changes in an organization's finances. Accounting
ISs contain controls to ascertain adherence to standards, such as double entry.

Finance

While accounting systems focus on recording and reporting financial changes and
states, the purpose of financial systems is to facilitate financial planning and business
transactions. In finance, information systems help organize budgets, manage cash flow,
analyze investments, and make decisions that could reduce interest payments and
increase revenues from financial transactions.

Marketing

purpose is to pinpoint the people what they're most likely to purchase of
what the organization sells and to promote the appropriate products and services to
those people.
The system identify trends in the demand for the company's products and services

Human Resources

help mainly in record keeping and employee
evaluation. Every organization must maintain accurate employee records. Human
resource management systems maintain such records, including employees' pictures,
employee status and tax information, and other data that other systems such as payroll
may use.

IS CLASSIFICATION BY BUSINESS FUNCTION
Manufacturing

is to control the inventory in paying suppliers, process
customer orders, production schedules, quality assurance and shipping of products.

IS CLASSIFICATION BY SUPPORT FUNCTION

Transaction Processing Systems
Management Information Systems
On-demand Output
Group Decision Support Systems (GDSS/DSS)
Executive Information Systems/Executive Support System (EIS/ESS)
Expert Systems
Geographic Information System

INFORMATION ARCHITECTURE

Computing paradigms, which are the core of the architecture
It is the process of development of methodical information technology
specifications, models and guidelines, using a variety of Information
Technology notation processes.

WEB BASED IT ARCHITECTURES

Refer to those applications or services that are resident on a server that is
accessible using a Web browser. The only client-side software needed to
access and execute these applications is a Web browser environment.

Part 2: Computer Software

review

Computer System

• defined as general purpose information processing machine
  used to troubleshoot various problems related to data
  processing
• allows users to input, manipulate and store data
• a basic, complete and functional computer

Computer System Components
Two main components:

Hardware

• tangible parts
  Software
• intangible parts: data and programs

Computer Hardware

physical machine, consisting of mechanical parts and
electronic circuits

Computer Hardware
Several major units:

• Central Processing Unit (CPU)
• Main Memory (RAM)
• Secondary Memory (HDD/SSD)
• Peripherals (I/O devices)

Central Processing Unit (CPU)

• defined as the major component of a computer
• also known as the 'processor' or the "electronic brain" of the
  computer
• consist of the electronic circuits which are necessary to
  perform a variety of operations on the data

Central Processing Unit (CPU)
Major components:

Arithmetic Logic Unit
Control Unit
Registers

Main Memory (RAM)

• where data and numerous programs are currently being
  executed by the CPU are stored
• contents are both temporary and volatile
• contains operating system program, application program
  currently in used and the data that is being processed when the
  computer is in use

Secondary Memory

• provides stable storage for both programs and data in longer
  period of time
• often referred to as the disk

Disk drives

• are also known as mass storage device because of their
  capacity to store relatively large amount of data and many
  programs.

Input/Output Devices

• used in getting and displaying information

Classifications:
Input
Output

INPUT:

• Keyboards
• Pointing Devices
• Sensors
• Remote Control
• Card Readers
  Output:
• Printings/Plotters
• Monitors

Basic Computer Hardware Operations
The hardware composing a computer can be divided into
categories:

Input
Storage
Processing
Output

Units that implement the ISPO function:
Input Unit

• inputs the data and programs for computer processing

Storage Unit

• stores the input data and programs

Processing Unit

• conducts calculations on the input data and controls input unit, storage unit and output unit

Output Unit

• output the result of computer processing in a certain format

Computer Software

• set of computer programs and algorithms that tells the
  computer what to do and how to do it.

Computer Software
Three categories:

• System Software
• Programming Software
• Application Software

Computer History

REVIEW

Earliest Computing Tools
Sand Tables

• known to be the earliest device for computation
• consists of three groves in the sand with a maximum of 10
  pebbles in each groove

Abacus

• derived from the Arabic word 'abaq' which means 'dust'
• consists of sliding beads arranged on a rack which has two
  parts: upper part and lower part

Napier Bones

• small instrument made of 10 rods on
  which multiplication table was engraved
• enabled to perform multiplication and division

Slide Ruler

• jointly devised by Edmund Gunter & William Oughtred
• based on the principle that actual distances from the starting
  point of the rule is directly proportional to the logarithm of
  numbers printed on the rule

Computer Generations
Mechanical Era of Computers
Zeroth Generation

Mechanical Era of Computers
Zeroth Generation
Blaise Pascal

He invented the first mechanical adding machine called
Pascaline (1642)

Baron Gottfried and Wilhelm von Leibniz

He improved Pascal's machine

Joseph Marie Jacquard

He invented a loom that used punch cards to control
patterns into woven cloth (1801)

Charles Babbage

Father of Modern Computer
Difference Engine: used to computer table of numbers using
naval navigation and can only add & subtract
Analytical Engine: general purpose machine

Herman Hollerith

Invented one of the first commercial machine which used
punch card to tabulate and process the data collected

Howard Aiken

He led the designing of MARK I (1937); improved Babbage's
machine; His machine was considered the first electronic
machine using thousands of relays.

Computer Generations
Electronic Era of Computers

First Generation: Vacuum Tubes (Late 1930s - Early 1940s)
AB Computer (Atasoft Berry Computer)

First electronic computing machine, which introduced the idea
of binary arithmetic, regenerative memory and logic circuits

Colossus

World's first electronic digital computer used to decode
intercepted message

First Generation: Vacuum Tubes (Late 1930s - Early 1940s)
John von Neumann machine

Developed a concept of storing a program in memory.

ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer)

Developed for calculating artillery firing tables

EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer)

First electronic computer to use stored program concept

First Generation: Vacuum Tubes (Late 1930s - Early 1940s)
EDSAC (Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Computer)

Machine to run the first successful program

UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer)

First commercially available computer
First general-purpose computer which was designed to
handle both numeric and textual information

Second Generation: Transistors (1940s - Early 1960s)
Transistor

Was invented at Bell Labs in 1947 but did not see widespread
use in computers until the late 1950s
Second-generation computers moved from cryptic binary machine
language to symbolic or assembly language which allowed
programmers to specify instructions in words
One of the major developments in this generation includes the
progress of machine language to assembly language.

Third Generation: Integrated Circuits (1960s - 1970s)
Integrated Circuits

Was the hallmark of the third generation of computers
The technology allowed dozens of transistors to be mounted on a
single chip together with other electronic components.
This generation started the use of semiconductor memories,
microprocessors and multiprogramming.
Another development was the use of an operating system that
allowed machines to run many different programs at once with a
central program that monitors and coordinates computer's memory

Third Generation: Integrated Circuits (1960s - 1970s)
IBM System/360 series

Family of computers and their peripherals which are mutually
compatible and all worked together

PDP 8

Developed by Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC)
The first commercially successful minicomputer

Fourth Generation: Microprocessors (Early 1970s - Present)
Microprocessor

Built onto a single piece of silicon, known as chip; about 0.5
cm long and not more than 0.05cm thick

Large Scale Integration (LSI)

Approximately 180 transistors

Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI)

Approximately 275,000 transistors

Altair 8800 (1975)

Developed by MITS (Mirco Instrumentation Telemetry
Systems)
One of the first microcomputers

Apple II

One of the first highly successful mass-produced
microcomputer products
Designed by Steve Wozniak of Apple Computer

CRAY I

A supercomputer designed, manufactured and marketed by
Cray Research

Apple Lisa (1983)

'Lisa' stood for 'Local Integrated Software Architecture'
First commercial personal computer to use graphical user
interface with 1MB RAM, 12 inch black monitor, 2 5 ¼
floppy disk driver, 5MB of profile hard drive and used
Motorola 680000 microprocessor

Fifth Generation: Artificial Intelligence (Present and Beyond)
Mega Chips

Computers will use Super Large-Scale Integrated chips

Parallel Processing

Computers will use multiple processors and perform parallel
processing thereby accessing several instructions at one time
and working at the same time

Artificial Intelligence (AI)

A series of related technologies that tries to simulate and
reproduce human behavior including thinking, speaking,
reasoning.