Biopsych quiz 1

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51 Terms

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1. what is bio psychology?
using biology to explain behavior.
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Difference between psychophysiology and physiological psychology?
psychophysiology=use humans

physiological psychology=use animals
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“Definition” of behavior
external behavior= overt physical actions

internal behavior= learning, emotion, thought, and physiological processes
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what are holistic and reductionist approaches?
Holistic: looking at something through the sum of its parts

reductionist: looking at individual components to understand the whole thing
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what are two positions to the mind-body problem?
dualism: the mind and brain are separate.

monosim: the mind and brain are one.
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Why were the 90’s considered the decade of the brain?
Because of neuroimaging advancements and inter-disciplinary fields.
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What brain structure according Rene Descartes was Hella important?
Pineal gland-connects body and mind 
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Aristotle thought on brain structure?
He thought the mind was in the heart not brain, which was used to cool blood. 
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what is empiricism?
knowledge comes from observation, first step in scientific method.
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what are sciences goals?
be able to describe, explain, predict, and change phenomena by using scientific method.
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how are correlational studies different from experimental studies?
correlational studies= do NOT manipulate the variable

experimental studies= do manipulate the variable
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independent vs dependent variable?
independent variable= variable that’s manipulated

dependent variable= measurement that is the outcome of the independent variable
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What r value for correlation coefficient?
\-1 and +1
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Contribution of Galvani and Helmholtz to bio psych?
discovered info is transmitted through electrical energy in nervous system (Galvani frog leg)
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scientific method order:
empiricism, hypothesis, experimentation, theory, replication
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what is localization and what info supports it?
certain parts of the brain have certain functions (Phineus cage, and H.M.)
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what is equipotentiality and what info supports it?
brain functions as a whole (behaviorism and rat maze{rats who had brain damage to any part of the brain could not escape\])
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basic assumption of animal research and techniques?
basic assumption: general process

techniques: cannula, vivisection, stereotaxic surgery, microelectrodes, microanalysis probe, microtome, sham control
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what are staining methods in neuroscience?
Golgi staining= see where axons end up

Nissel staining=see density of cell nucleus

GFP/brainbow=using fluorescent proteins from bioluminescent animals to map out the brain

immunostaining=using antibodies to recognize and tag specific proteins found in cells

antegrade tracing=starts at cell body and determines where axon or dendrite ends

retrograde tracing=molecules taken up by axon terminals and transported back to cell body
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physiological recording techniques
EMG=measure of electrical response from muscle movement

EKG/ECG=measures cardio activity

EDA=measure of electrical response from sweat secretion
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neuroimaging techniques
X-RAY/CT scan= useful in detecting skull fractures of damage, but cannot view the working brain

EEG=electrodes on the scalp (shower cap) that measure electrical activity in brain (action potential), in the form of brain waves

MRI=uses large magnets and radio waves to see into the brain, and has the best temporal imaging

fMRI=useful in measuring brain activity through blood flow

DTI=measures myelinated axons in brain

PET scan=radioactive isotopes are injected into patient and can monitor neurotransmitter activity

MEG=detects magnetic fields created by cortical activity
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How are neurons different from other cells in the organism?
neurons have axons, dendrites, synapse
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How many types of neuron, in terms of shape? And in terms of functions? What is the relationship among these categories?
sensory neurons are either unipolar or bipolar and motor and inter- neurons are multipolar
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What kind of neuron is the most in the nervous system?
inter neuron (thinking neurons)
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what kind of cell is most common in nervous system?
glial cell
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What are functions of astrocytes, oligodendroglial cells, and Schwann cells?
Schwann cells=main cell of peripheral nervous system and create myelin

oligodendroglial cells=cell in CNS that creates myelin

astrocytes=provide nutrients and repair damage to nervous tissue
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4 factors to maintain resting potential?
diffusion=ions move when crowded

electrostatic pressure= opposite charges attract, like repel

differential membrane permeability= certain ions pass through membrane

sodium-potassium pumps=protein channels that force NA out and K in
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Thee ion mechanism and action potential phase?
activity of different ion channels that generate action potential: Na+ channels open and Na+ come in and K+ channels open and K+ come out, depolarizing (at -30 mv), creating action potential.
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What are polarization, depolarization, hypopolarization, & hyperpolarization?
depolarization/hypopolarization=postive charge/super postive

polarization/hyperpolarization=negative charge/super negative ( -70 mv+)
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What is local potential? Is it graded or ungraded? What is the all-or-none law?
local potential=spreading depolarization, it is graded

all or none law=neuron either fires or doesn’t (like gun)
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how does myelin sheath increase speed of conduction?
saltatory conduction and nodes of Ranvier
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how is info transmitted between neurons?
vesicles filled with neurotransmitters are released at synaptic gap and they bind to certain receptors and then causes neuron to either activate or not
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two types of post synaptic receptors?
ionotropic=fast, direct, quick not long lasting effect, muscle

metabotropic=slow, indirect, longer lasting effect, cells
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what are EPSP and IPSP? How is information integrated in postsynaptic neurons?
EPSP=effect that neuron is more likely to fire

IPSP=effect that neuron is less likely to fire

this is caused by the previous neuron opening receptor cites in next neuron to let NA+ flow in to depolarize it, making it more likely to fire.
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what do axoaxonic synapses do?
it regulates neurotransmitter output at synapse by via CA+
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What are divisions of the nervous system?
Central nervous system(brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system (somatic nervous system {12 cranial nerves\] and autonomic nervous system \[parasympethic{calm} and sympatheic{aroused}\])
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know how to differentiate the terms: nerve, tract, ganglion, & nucleus
\n In the CNS: \n • Bundle of axons –tract (white) \n • Group of cell bodies –nucleus (grey)

\
In the PNS: \n • Bundle of axons - nerve (A neuron is \n not a nerve) \n • Group of cell bodies - ganglion
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terms used to indicate directions and orientation of NS?
\
anterior=front

posterior=back

dorsal/superior=top

ventral/inferior=bottom

lateral=outside

medial=inside

contralateral=opposite side

ipsilateral=same side
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3 parts of the brain?
Forebrain (telencephalon & \n diencephalon) \n Midbrain (mesencephalon) \n Hindbrain (metencephalon & \n myelencephalon)
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five parts of the brain?
Telencephalon (cerebral cortex; basal \n ganglia; basal forebrain nuclei; \n amygdaloid nucleus) \n Diencephalon (thalamus; hypothalamus; \n pituitary gland; mammillary body) \n Mesencephalon \n Metencephalon \n Myelencephalon
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3 planes used to study the brain?
coronal=front view cut

horizontal=top view cut

sagittal=side view cut
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3 layers of meninges?
pia mater, dura mater, arachnoid,
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what is blood brain barrier?
highly selective permeable barrier
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what are the ventricles on the brain?
hollow cavities filled with cerebrospinal fluid, that filters blood and contains proteins that nourish the brain.
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What are ridges and grooves on cerebral cortices called?
small ridge/groove=gyri

big ridge/groove=sulci/fissure
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What are gray and white matter of the brain consisted of?
gray=myelinated cell bodies

white=myelinated cell axons
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Know the main functions of such areas in the brain: the primary motor and sensory area (what is the homunculus?), Broca and Wernicke’s area, the prefrontal area, the parietal, temporal, and occipital lobe, the thalamus and hypothalamus, the brain stem, and the cerebellum
primary motor cortex= ”map” of human body

homunculus= visual representation of human body based on division of cortex dedicated to each part

Broca and Wernicke’s area=coordination and meaning (respectively) of language

prefrontal area= dedicated to emotions and rational thought

parietal lobe=dedicated to perceiving sensory info

temporal lobe=dedicated to perceiving auditory info

occipital lobe=dedicated to perceiving visual info

thalamus=relay station for sensory input

hypothalamus=governs release of hormones and also homeostasis

brain stem=connects cerebrum with spinal cord

cerebellum=” mini” brain which holds 70% of neurons, motor movement, and balance

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What is frontal lobotomy?
barbaric surgical procedure that took place in the mid 1900s where they would destroy the frontal lobes axons to “fix” or calm someone
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what are primary projection areas and association areas?
primary projection area=cortex area filled with cell bodies (grey matter), initial area for receiving info

Assocation area=inside areas that are filled with myelinated axons (white matter) integrate incoming sensory info and from connections from sensor area to motor area
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What are divisions of the peripheral nervous system? cranial nerves: X vagus, I olfactory, VII facial, and V trigeminal
12 cranial/somatic nerves (following nerves important:

\-X vagus nerve=heart/lungs

\-I olfactory nerve=smell

\-VII facial nerve=facial muscles

\-V trigeminal nerve=face, sinuses, and teeth

autonomic/spinal nerves (parasympathetic (calm) and sympathetic(aroused))
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describe the structure of the spinal cord and the autonomic nervous system?
spinal cord=gray matter inside, white matter outside

nerves come in through dorsal.

nerves come out through ventral