Key Amendments and Supreme Court Cases

Flashcards covering key amendments, landmark Supreme Court cases, and fundamental principles related to individual rights and the Constitution.

5th Amendment

Due process, protection against self-incrimination, and double jeopardy.

6th Amendment

Right to a speedy, public trial, a lawyer, and to know the charges.

7th Amendment

Guarantees the right to a jury trial in many civil cases, particularly disputes over money or property.

8th Amendment

Prohibits cruel and unusual punishment and limits on excessive bail and fines.

9th Amendment

States that people have other rights not specifically listed in the Constitution.

Due Process

Fair treatment through the normal legal system, including knowing the charges, having a lawyer, and the right to a fair trial.

Tinker v. Des Moines

Supreme Court case affirming students' right to free speech at school unless it is disruptive.

Hazelwood v. Kuhlmeier

Court case establishing that schools can limit student speech in school-sponsored activities.

Miranda v. Arizona

Established the requirement for police to inform arrested individuals of their rights (Miranda rights).

In re Gault

Supreme Court ruling affirming that juveniles have due process rights similar to adults.

Individual Rights vs. Common Good

Sometimes individual freedoms can conflict with community safety; rights may be limited when they endanger others.

Separation of Powers

The division of government responsibilities into distinct branches to prevent tyranny.

Checks and Balances

System where each branch of government can limit the powers of the others.

Enumerated Powers

Powers specifically assigned to the federal government, like coining money and declaring war.

Reserved Powers

Powers that are retained by the states, such as running schools and holding elections.

Concurrent Powers

Powers shared by both federal and state governments, like taxing and making laws.

Supremacy Clause

Establishes that the Constitution and federal laws are the supreme law of the land.

Bill of Rights Purpose

Added to protect individual freedoms and limit government power.

1st Amendment

Protects freedoms of speech, press, assembly, and petition.

4th Amendment

Protects against unreasonable searches and seizures.