What To Memorize: Exam 2

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Solute

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29 Terms

1

Solute

The substance (solid) that is dissolved in the solvent.

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2

Solvent

The liquid that dissolves the solute, present in greatest abundance.

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3

Solution

A homogeneous mixture of two or more pure substances.

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4

Aqueous Solution

A solution where water is the solvent.

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5

Molarity (M) Defined

The concentration of a solution expressed as moles of solute per liter of solution.

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6

Molarity Formula

M=\dfrac{n}{V} where volume in in liters

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7

Dilution Formula

McVc = MdVd, where Mc and Md are molarities and Vc and Vd are volumes of concentrated ( c ) and dilute ( d ) solutions.

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8

Strong Acids

Acids that completely dissociate in solution, e.g., HCl, HBr, HI, HClO3, HClO4, HNO3, H2SO4.

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9

Weak Acids

Acids that partially dissociate in solution, e.g., HF, CHā‚ƒCOOH.

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10

Strong Bases

Bases that completely dissociate in solution, including Group 1A metal hydroxides and heavy Group 2A metal hydroxides.

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11

Oxidation State

The charge of an atom in a compound, with specific rules for different groups.

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12

Balancing Redox Reactions

The process of dividing reactions into half reactions and balancing them for atoms and charge.

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13

Acidic Solutions

Combine half reactions and cancel common terms.

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14

Basic Solutions

Add OH- to balance H+, forming H2O, then combine half reactions.

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15

Change in Internal Enthalpy (Ī”E)

The difference in energy between products and reactants, E_{products}-E_{reactants}

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16

Exchange of Energy

Ī”E = q + w, where q is heat and w is work.

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17

Endothermic Reaction

A reaction where Ī”E > 0, indicating energy absorption.

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18

Exothermic Reaction

A reaction where Ī”E < 0, indicating energy release.

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19

Enthalpy (H)

The total energy of a system, including internal energy and pressure-volume work.

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20

Change in Enthalpy (Ī”H)

Ī”H = Ī”E + PĪ”V, representing the change in enthalpy during a reaction.

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21

Work (w)

PV or -PV, where P is pressure and V is volume.

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22

Specific of Light

c = Ī»v, where c is the speed of light, Ī» is wavelength, and v is frequency.

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23

Speed of Light (c) constant

A constant value of 3.00 Ɨ 108 m/s.

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24

Energy in proportional to frequency

E = hv, where E is energy, h is Planckā€™s constant, and v is frequency.

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25

Enthalpy of Reaction

\Delta H_{rxn}=H_{products}+H_{reactants}

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26

Planckā€™s Constant (h)

A constant value of 6.626 Ɨ 10-34 JĀ·s.

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27

Fahrenheit Conversion

F = (9/5)(Ā°C + 32).

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28

Celsius Conversion

C = (5/9)(Ā°F - 32).

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29

Kelvin Conversion

K = Ā°C + 273.

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