STS CHAPTER 3

Pre-colonial period

Early Filipinos relied on indigenous knowledge. They developed skills in pottery, metallurgy, weaving, and agriculture. Belief system is still indigenous by nature. Culture and tradition is “animism”

Animism

The belief that natural objects, places, and creatures all possess a spiritual essence or soul. Believers think that trees, rivers, animals, rocks, and even weather events have spirits.

Animism

Often involves rituals and offerings to honor or communicate with these spirits. In the Philippine pre-colonial context, animism influenced how early Filipinos respected nature, conducted healing rituals, and interpreted natural phenomena.

Baybayin script

Native writing system. Reflects a developed system of communication and record-keeping

Barangay

NUMBER OF GEOGRAPHICALLY SCATTERED SELF-SUFFIENT AUTONOMOUS COMMUNITIES

Stone Age

Subsequently they formed settlement in Sulu, Davao, Zamboanga, Samar, Negros, Batangas, Laguna, Rizal, Bulacan and Cagayan. (3,000 B.C.) produced adzes ornaments of seashells and pottery of various designs. Manufactured pots for about 2,000 years until it came into competition.

Bronze to Iron Age

They crafted tools and equipment using metals such as copper, gold, bronze, and eventually iron. The Iron Age in the Philippines spanned from around the 2nd or 3rd century B.C. up to the 10th century A.D. Archaeological digs at ancient burial sites and work areas have uncovered traces of iron processing, such as iron slags.

Caracoa

Inter-island trading and raiding expeditions. They constructed boats primarily for trade, and according to Spanish chronicles, they also built sophisticated plank-made warships known as ____, which were well suited for inter-island trading and raiding expeditions.

Balangay boat

Advanced seafaring and trade vessels. It is also known as the Butuan Boat, is an ancient wooden vessel made by joining planks with carved edges using pins and dowels. It was first documented in the 16th century through the Chronicles of Antonio Pigafetta. This is considered the oldest known pre-Hispanic watercraft ever discovered in the Philippines

Banaue Rice Terraces

Engineering marvel using hand tools

Manghihilot

A traditional healer who uses massage techniques to treat conditions such as sprains, fractures, and other issues involving the muscles, bones, and ligaments.

Mangtatawas

A folk practitioner who identifies the cause and nature of illnesses using potassium alum (locally known as tawas), often through ritualistic or symbolic interpretation.

Spanish colonial period

They played a significant role in advancing science and technology in the Philippines. They introduced formal education and established scientific institutions to support learning. During the early years of Spanish colonization, parish schools were set up where subjects such as religion, reading, writing, arithmetic, and music were taught to the natives

Formal Education

Jesuits & Dominicans. formal education During the Spanish period, higher education institutions were established in key locations such as Cebu and Manila. In Cebu, the Jesuits founded the Colegio de San Ildefonso in 1595, one of the earliest schools in the country. In Manila, the Jesuits also established: Colegio de San Ignacio (1595) Colegio de San Jose Ateneo de Manila in 1859. Meanwhile, the Dominicans founded the Colegio de San Juan de Letran in 1640, also located in Manila. These institutions played a vital role in the early development of higher education and intellectual growth in the Philippines.

The Spaniards during the Spanish Colonial Period

They introduced sanitation practices and improved agricultural techniques to the native population. They also established several colleges and universities across the archipelago, including the University of Santo Tomas. In the later years of Spanish rule, there was a stronger emphasis on the study of medicine and biology, reflecting the growing importance of health and science education during that period.

Reduccion system

This system was a colonial strategy used by the Spaniards to reorganize the population. Under this system, scattered and remote barangays were consolidated into larger, more centralized towns— typically within hearing distance of the church bells. This allowed for easier control, Christianization, tax collection, and implementation of Spanish policies.

Cabeza de Barangay

The Datus. Another term for this is Tenyente del Barrio in Spanish. This person served as the chief or local leader of the barangay, which was one of the organized communities established near the church bell under the Reduccion system. Their role included maintaining order, collecting taxes, and assisting Spanish authorities in governing the local population.

Gobernadorcillo or Capitan de Municipio

The officials of Cabeza de Barangay are known as ____, who served as the head of a town or municipality. These leaders were often chosen from among the local nobility, particularly from the ranks of the datus, the traditional Filipino chiefs.

WHO WERE THE FILIPINO STUDENTS WHO ARE ABLE TO STUDY IN EUROPE

Jose Rizal
Graciano Apacible
Jose Alejandrino
Antonio Luna

MANILA SCHOOL OF AGRICULTURE (1887)

This school was to provide both theoretical and practical education for skilled farmers and overseers. It was specifically designed to promote agricultural development in the Philippines through methods such as observation, experimentation, and investigation.

Galleon Trade

The Spanish colonial authorities placed great emphasis on trade because of its potential for generating large profits. One of the most significant trading systems was the _____, which operated for 250 years and ended in 1815 following Mexico's war of independence. However, repeated shipwrecks and pirate attacks on the galleons eventually caused profits to decline, leading to an economic downturn in Manila during the latter part of the 17th century

American Regime

Science and technology in the Philippines experienced significant growth during the American period. This progress was largely due to the strong support and promotion by the government, particularly through the establishment of a widespread public education system that emphasized science and practical learning.

American Regime

During this, the government promoted the development of science and technology by granting scholarships for higher education in fields like science and engineering. They also organized scientific research agencies and established public services grounded in scientific knowledge and principles. During the American Regime, the government promoted the development of science and technology by granting scholarships for higher education in fields like science and engineering. They also organized scientific research agencies and established public services grounded in scientific knowledge and principles.

June 18, 1908, the American colonial period

When was the University of the Philippines was officially established and during what period

Commonwealth period

The National Economic Council was established to formulate economic programs and advise the government on financial and economic matters. Additionally, the Bureau of Mines and other agencies received increased funding, particularly the Bureaus of Science, Plant Industry, and Animal Industry. This boost in support encouraged scientific research geared toward industrial development

Marcos Regime

The government implemented initiatives to revitalize science education in public high schools by improving curricula and instruction during his regime. Additional funding was allocated to support projects in applied sciences and the advancement of science education nationwide. Institutions like PAGASA (Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration) and the National Academy of Science and Technology (NAST) were also established to promote scientific research and innovation. Moreover, salary increases were granted to teachers at the Philippine Science High School to recognize their contribution to quality science education.

What are the internal influences

Survival
Culture
Economic Activities

External Influences

foreign colonizer
trades with foreign countries
international economic demands

Internal + External Influences = Scientific Revolution

The influence in the development of science and technology in the Philippines