APHUG FINAL Review

Review for APHUG FINAL

How can centripetal and centrifugal forces exist at different scales?

Centripetal forces unite people and strengthen a state, while centrifugal forces divide people and weaken a state.

What is devolution?

Devolution is the transfer of power from a central government to regional or local governments.

What are the major devolutionary forces?

Ethnic nationalism, physical geography, economic inequality, cultural differences, and political instability.

What are chokepoints?

Chokepoints are narrow waterways or passages that are strategically important for trade and transportation.

What is the difference between states, nations, nation-states, multinational states, and multistate nations?

A state is a political unit with sovereignty; a nation is a group with shared culture or identity; a nation-state is when both mostly match; a multinational state contains multiple nations; a multistate nation spreads across multiple states.

What are unitary and federal forms of governance?

A unitary government concentrates power in a central authority, while a federal government shares power between national and regional governments.

What are the characteristics of NATO, UN, African Union, and EU?

NATO is a military alliance; the UN promotes peace and cooperation; the African Union supports unity and development in Africa; the EU promotes economic and political cooperation in Europe.

What was the Berlin Conference?

The Berlin Conference divided Africa among European powers during imperialism without African representation.

How do population sizes impact the influence of individual voters in a democracy?

Smaller populations give each voter more influence, while larger populations reduce individual voting power.

What are the characteristics of Mediterranean agriculture?

Mediterranean agriculture grows olives, grapes, and citrus fruits in areas with hot dry summers and mild wet winters.

What are the characteristics of the Neolithic Revolution?

Humans shifted from hunting and gathering to farming, leading to permanent settlements and domestication of plants and animals.

What are the characteristics of the second agricultural revolution?

Improved machinery, crop rotation, and better farming methods increased food production and population growth.

What are the three types of land survey methods?

Metes and bounds, township and range, and long-lot systems.

What is the Columbian Exchange?

The Columbian Exchange was the transfer of plants, animals, diseases, and culture between the Americas and Afro-Eurasia after Columbus.

How is the global distribution of food part of a complex commodity chain?

Food moves through many stages including farming, processing, shipping, marketing, and selling across multiple countries.

How have modern agricultural practices impacted the environment negatively?

Modern agriculture causes pollution, soil depletion, deforestation, water shortages, and loss of biodiversity.

How do the roles of women in agriculture vary by development?

Women in developing countries often do subsistence farming, while women in developed countries are more involved in mechanized farming and agribusiness.

What are the characteristics of New Urbanism?

New Urbanism promotes walkable neighborhoods, mixed land use, public transportation, and reduced urban sprawl.

What is the gravity model?

The gravity model predicts interaction between places based on population size and distance.

What are the characteristics of the Concentric Zone Model?

The city grows outward in rings from the CBD, with wealthier residents farther from the center.

What are the characteristics of the Sector Model?

Cities develop in sectors or wedges along transportation routes.

What are the characteristics of the Latin American city model?

The model includes a central business district, wealthy spine, and peripheral squatter settlements.

What are the characteristics of the Galactic city model?

The city spreads outward with edge cities and suburbs connected by highways.

What are the characteristics of boomburbs?

Boomburbs are rapidly growing suburban cities with large populations but no major downtown.

What is the rank-size rule?

A city's population is inversely proportional to its rank in the urban hierarchy.

What is the primate city rule?

One city dominates a country economically, politically, and culturally.

What is an urban hierarchy? Who's atop the global urban hierarchy?

Urban hierarchy ranks cities by size and influence; global cities like New York, London, and Tokyo are at the top.

What are the characteristics of megacities and metacities?

Megacities have over 10 million people, while metacities have over 20 million.

What are the characteristics of squatter settlements?

Squatter settlements are informal housing areas with poor infrastructure and limited services.

What are examples of site and situation factors of urban locations?

Site factors include climate and water supply; situation factors include trade routes and transportation connections.

What are the characteristics of OPEC?

OPEC is a group of oil-exporting countries that coordinate oil production and prices.

What are the effects of the Industrial Revolution?

The Industrial Revolution caused urbanization, factory production, economic growth, pollution, and improved transportation.

What are examples of renewable energy?

Solar, wind, hydroelectric, geothermal, and biomass energy.

What are the basic ideas of Weber's industrial location theory?

Industries locate where transportation, labor, and production costs are minimized.

What are the characteristics of the Gender Inequality Index (GII)?

The GII measures gender inequality using reproductive health, political empowerment, education, and labor participation.

What are the characteristics of special economic zones (SEZs)?

SEZs are areas with reduced taxes and regulations designed to attract foreign investment and industry.

What are break-of-bulk points?

Break-of-bulk points are places where goods are transferred between transportation methods.

What are the characteristics of Wallerstein's world systems theory?

The theory divides countries into core, semi-periphery, and periphery regions based on economic power and development.

What are the characteristics and reasons for the new international division of labor?

Manufacturing shifts to developing countries because labor is cheaper, transportation is easier, and globalization connects markets.