Kin Unit 1

Anatomical position

Starting reference point

Specifies locations of specific body parts relative to other body parts

Lateral

Closer to outside of the body

Medial

Closer to the inside of the body

Anterior

Front of the skeleton

Posterior

Back of the skeleton

Superior

Higher on the body vertically

Inferior

Lower in the body vertically

Proximal

Higher on the body horizaontally

Distal

lower to the body horizontally

Supine

On your back

Prone

On your stomach

Midsagittal

Divides the body into right and left halves

Sagittarius: parallel to median plan

Forward and backwards motion

Ex. Riding a bike

Frontal plane

Divides body into anterior and posterior sections

Lateral or side to side

Ex. Cartwheel

Transverse Plan

Divides the body in superior and inferior sections

Parallel to the transverse plane

Ex. Twisting

Centre of Gravity

Where median, frontal, and transverse planes intersect

Flexion

Limbs bend towards body

Extension

Limbs bends away from body

Abduction

Limb extends outward from body

Adduction

Limb descends back to body

Pronation

Palm twists to face downward (posterior)

Supination

Palm twists to face upwards (anterior)

Dorsiflexion

Foot moves upwards

Plantar Flexion

Foot plants downwards

Inversion

Inside on foot moves in towards leg

Ex. Twisting ankle, sprain

Eversion

Outside of foot moves up towards outside of the leg

Ex. Fracture foot

Medial Internal Rotation

Flexed forearm moves in towards body

Lateral External Rotation

Flexed forearm moves out from the body

Circumduction

A cone of movement (arm)

No rotation

Flexion/extension + abduction/ adduction

Axial skeleton

Rib, skull, sternum, vertebral column

80 bones

Supports, stabilizes and protects vital organs

Appendicular Skeleton

Pectoral girdle, upper limb, pelvic girdle, lower limb

126 bones

Responsible for a larger portion of movement

Short Bones

Carpels (fingers), tarsals (toes)

More cartilage in between bones, more cushion to act as shock absorbers

Long Bones

Femur, Humerus

Acts as levers

Flat Bones

Skull, scapula, ribs

Protect organs

Irregular Bones

Facial bones, vertebrae

Special function

Sesamoid

Patella

Not connected by cartilage, impeded into muscle tissue and tendons

Change pressure/ friction

Compact/ Cortical

Low porosity: high mineral density and low collagen

Compact structure

Stiff and stress resistant

Function to withstand stress

In long bones

Spongy/ Cancellous

High porosity: low mineral density and high collagen

Honey comb structure

Flexible but is not stress resistant

Function of shock absorption

Vertebrae

Bone Composition

Calcium carbonate and calcium phosphate: 60-70% of bones, stiffness, resistance to pressing forces

Collagen Protein: flexibility, resist pulling forces (muscles, cross joints)

Water: 20% of bones

Strong Bone

Young age, regular exercise

High density, high mineralization, low porosity

Weak Bone

Ageing, without regular exercise

Low density, low mineralization, high porosity

Cardiac Muscle

Heart contraction/ beating

Very fatigue resistance

Has own intrinsic beat

Autonomic nerve control/ involuntary

Skeletal Muscle

Attached to bone

Contraction = body movement

Motor nerve control/ voluntary

Smooth Muscle

Blood vessels and organs

Show and uniform contractions

Fatigue resistance

Autonomic nerve control/ involuntary

Origin

Closer to the centre of the body. More stationary parts

Ex. Rotator cuff (shoulder)

Insertion

Away from the centre of the body. More mobile structures

Joint

Connection between two or more bones

Strands of connective tissue ensure stability

Classified by the degree of movement

Fibrous joints

No movement

Absorb shock

Ex.skull sutures

Cartilaginous joints

Limited movement

Absorb shock

Ex.intervertebral discs

Synovial Joint

Greatest degree of movement

Allow movement, most common

Ex. Hip joint

Joint capsule (synovial)

Surrounds the joint and provides support

Lined with synovial membrane that secretes synovial fluid

Joint cavity (synovial)

Filled with synovial fluid for lubrication

Also cushions

Hyaline Cartilage

Dense white connective tissue that covers and protects the ends of the articulating bones

Ligaments, extrinsic

Support the joint

Connect the articulating bones of the joint

Uniaxial

Movement about one axis (up, down)

Ex.bending the knee

Biaxial

Movement about two perpendicular axes

Ex. Moving knee left and right

Multiaxial joints

Movement about all three perpendicular axes

Ex. Moving your knee in a circle

Pivot

One bone rotates around one axis, one axis rotation

Ex. Neck

Gliding

Bone surfaces involved are nearly flat, gliding

Ex. Acromioclavicular

Hinge

Convex and concave articulating surfaces, flexion-extension

Ex.elbow