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What does plasma contain?
red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets
what is the structure of a red blood cell?
biconcave, contains no nucleus, contains haemoglobin
red blood cells
carry oxygen
white blood cell
defends the body against microorganisms
structure of a platelet?
small fragments of cells and doesn't have nucleus
platelets
help the blood to clot at the site of the wound
what are the three blood vessels does blood flow through?
arteries, veins and capillaries
Artieries
carry blood away from the heart
Structure of artieries
have thick walls containing muscle and elastic tissue
arteries
carry blood away from the heart
structure of veins
walls are thinner then arteries, has valves that prevent back flow
veins
carry blood back to the heart
structure of capillaries
narrow thin-walled vessels
what's the difference between veins and arteries?
Arteries have thick walls but veins have thin walls
Arteries carry blood away from the heart but veins carry blood towards the heart
What is the upper chamber of the heart? What does it contain?
upper chamber is called the atria and has the left and right atriums.
right atrium
receives blood from Ven cava
left atruim
receives blood from plumonary vein
what is the lower chamber of the heart called? what does it contain?
lower chamber is called the ventricles and has the left and right ventricles
where does the right ventricle push blood?
pulmonary artery
Where does the left ventricle pump blood to?
Aorta to the body
plumonary artery
carry deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs
aorta
carry's oxygenated blood around the body
What is coronary heart disease?
Layers of fatty material build up inside the coronary arteries, narrowing them.
stent
wire-mesh tube used to keep arteries open allowing blood to flow again
statin
lowers cholesterol so fatty material is reduced in the arteries
leaky valves
blood flows in a different direction
what is the average heart rate of an adult?
70-80 bpm
What is heart rate controlled by?
a group of cells in the right atrium that generate electrical impulses acting as a pacemaker.
artificial pacemaker
electronic device fitted in the chest to correct irregular heart rate
what does the human circulatory system consist?
blood, blood vessels, heart
what does blood plasma transport?
Carbon dioxide from the organs to the lungs
Soluble products of digestion from the small intestine to other organ
urea from liver to kidneys
what does haemoglobin and oxygen combine to make?
Oxyhaemoglobin
what does fibrin form?
network of fibres that trap blood cells to form blood clot
what does fibrinogen change to?
fibrin
what happens when the blood clot dries?
It forms a scab
what is humans and mammals blood vessels arranged into?
double circulatory system
what does the first transport system do?
carries blood from your heart to your lungs and then back again
what does the second transport system do?
carries blood to your heart to the other organ of the body and then back again
why does a patient with an artificial valve need drugs
prevent blood from clotting
where is the lungs lcoated?
in the thorax
inside the ribcage and above the diaphragm
separates lungs from the abdomen
what happens when you breathe in?
Intercostal muscles and diaphragm contract
Thorax volume increases
This decreases the pressure drawing air in
Muscles pull rib cage up and out
what happens when you breathe out?
Intercostal muscles and diaphragm relax
thorax volume decreases
air is forced out
ribcage moves down and in
is carbon dioxide absorbed or removed from blood?
removed
what's the adaptation of efficient exchange surfaces?
have large surface area
thin walls
efficient transport system
What does the lungs contain?
bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli
how is the surface area of the lungs increased?
alveoli
adaptation of alveoli?
large surface area
thin walls
good blood supply
Why are the lungs ventilated?
to maintain a steep concentration gradient
where is oxygen diffused?
many capillaries that are surrounding the alveoli
where does carbon dioxide diffuse?
back out of the lungs to be breathed out
what does plant tissue contain?
epidermal, palisade mesophyll, spongy mesophyll, phloem, xylem
epidermal
covers the surface of the plant
palisade mesophyll
photosynthetic tissue below the epidermis in a leaf.
spongy mesophyll
Loose tissue beneath the palisade layer of a leaf; has many air spaces between its cells and large surface area for diffusion
xylem
transports water and dissolves minerals form the root to the rest of the plant
phloem
transports dissolved food from the leaves to the rest of the plant
name three examples of plant organs
stems, roots and leaves
stomata
Small openings on the underside of a leaf through which oxygen and carbon dioxide can move
waxy cuticle
waterproof layer to stop water loss due to photosynthesis
what does the upper epidermis contain
palisade mesophyll
spongy mesophyll
veins (xylem & phloem)
what does the lower epidermis contain
cuticle
stomata and guard cell
what is translocation?
The movement of sugars through a plant in phloem
xylem tissue
Moves water and dissolved minerals from the roots up the stem, roots and flowers
what are the importance of transport in plants?
cells in the plant need sugar to produce photosynthesis for respiration
sugar and minerals ions are important for growth
water is needed for photosynthesis
what is the stomata controlled by?
Guard cells, choosing when to open or close the stomata, so less water is lost than being taken in
what is transpiration?
evaporation of water from plant leaves
transpiration stream?
the movement of water through a plant from the roots until it is lost by evaporation from the leaves.
three ways to increase rate of photosynthesis
temperature, air flow, light intensity, air flow
temperature
molecules move faster
more water evaporate
diffusion increases at a rate
photosynthesis increases so stomata opens
humidity
rate of diffusion a leaf is faster in dry air than damp air
air flow
windy conditions increase the rate of evaporation
keeps a steep concentration gradient inside and outside the leaf by blowing water vapour
light intensity
more light means more rate of photosynthesis
potometer
a device that can measure the rate of water uptake of the plant under different conditions
where are most of the stomata?
underside of the leaf
wilting
reduces water loss and leaves start collapsing which reduce their surface area
what happens if the stomata closes?
stops photosynthesis and prevents more water loss and further wilting