organising animals and plants

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76 Terms

1
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What does plasma contain?

red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets

2
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what is the structure of a red blood cell?

biconcave, contains no nucleus, contains haemoglobin

3
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red blood cells

carry oxygen

4
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white blood cell

defends the body against microorganisms

5
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structure of a platelet?

small fragments of cells and doesn't have nucleus

6
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platelets

help the blood to clot at the site of the wound

7
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what are the three blood vessels does blood flow through?

arteries, veins and capillaries

8
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Artieries

carry blood away from the heart

9
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Structure of artieries

have thick walls containing muscle and elastic tissue

10
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arteries

carry blood away from the heart

11
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structure of veins

walls are thinner then arteries, has valves that prevent back flow

12
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veins

carry blood back to the heart

13
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structure of capillaries

narrow thin-walled vessels

14
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what's the difference between veins and arteries?

  • Arteries have thick walls but veins have thin walls

  • Arteries carry blood away from the heart but veins carry blood towards the heart

15
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What is the upper chamber of the heart? What does it contain?

upper chamber is called the atria and has the left and right atriums.

16
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right atrium

receives blood from Ven cava

17
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left atruim

receives blood from plumonary vein

18
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what is the lower chamber of the heart called? what does it contain?

lower chamber is called the ventricles and has the left and right ventricles

19
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where does the right ventricle push blood?

pulmonary artery

20
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Where does the left ventricle pump blood to?

Aorta to the body

21
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plumonary artery

carry deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs

22
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aorta

carry's oxygenated blood around the body

23
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What is coronary heart disease?

Layers of fatty material build up inside the coronary arteries, narrowing them.

24
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stent

wire-mesh tube used to keep arteries open allowing blood to flow again

25
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statin

lowers cholesterol so fatty material is reduced in the arteries

26
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leaky valves

blood flows in a different direction

27
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what is the average heart rate of an adult?

70-80 bpm

28
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What is heart rate controlled by?

a group of cells in the right atrium that generate electrical impulses acting as a pacemaker.

29
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artificial pacemaker

electronic device fitted in the chest to correct irregular heart rate

30
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what does the human circulatory system consist?

blood, blood vessels, heart

31
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what does blood plasma transport?

  • Carbon dioxide from the organs to the lungs

  • Soluble products of digestion from the small intestine to other organ

  • urea from liver to kidneys

32
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what does haemoglobin and oxygen combine to make?

Oxyhaemoglobin

33
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what does fibrin form?

network of fibres that trap blood cells to form blood clot

34
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what does fibrinogen change to?

fibrin

35
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what happens when the blood clot dries?

It forms a scab

36
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what is humans and mammals blood vessels arranged into?

double circulatory system

37
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what does the first transport system do?

carries blood from your heart to your lungs and then back again

38
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what does the second transport system do?

carries blood to your heart to the other organ of the body and then back again

39
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why does a patient with an artificial valve need drugs

prevent blood from clotting

40
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where is the lungs lcoated?

  • in the thorax

  • inside the ribcage and above the diaphragm

  • separates lungs from the abdomen

41
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what happens when you breathe in?

  • Intercostal muscles and diaphragm contract

  • Thorax volume increases

  • This decreases the pressure drawing air in

  • Muscles pull rib cage up and out

42
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what happens when you breathe out?

  • Intercostal muscles and diaphragm relax

  • thorax volume decreases

  • air is forced out

  • ribcage moves down and in

43
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is carbon dioxide absorbed or removed from blood?

removed

44
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what's the adaptation of efficient exchange surfaces?

  • have large surface area

  • thin walls

  • efficient transport system

45
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What does the lungs contain?

bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli

46
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how is the surface area of the lungs increased?

alveoli

47
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adaptation of alveoli?

  • large surface area

  • thin walls

  • good blood supply

48
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Why are the lungs ventilated?

to maintain a steep concentration gradient

49
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where is oxygen diffused?

many capillaries that are surrounding the alveoli

50
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where does carbon dioxide diffuse?

back out of the lungs to be breathed out

51
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what does plant tissue contain?

epidermal, palisade mesophyll, spongy mesophyll, phloem, xylem

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epidermal

covers the surface of the plant

53
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palisade mesophyll

photosynthetic tissue below the epidermis in a leaf.

54
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spongy mesophyll

Loose tissue beneath the palisade layer of a leaf; has many air spaces between its cells and large surface area for diffusion

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xylem

transports water and dissolves minerals form the root to the rest of the plant

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phloem

transports dissolved food from the leaves to the rest of the plant

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name three examples of plant organs

stems, roots and leaves

58
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stomata

Small openings on the underside of a leaf through which oxygen and carbon dioxide can move

59
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waxy cuticle

waterproof layer to stop water loss due to photosynthesis

60
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what does the upper epidermis contain

  • palisade mesophyll

  • spongy mesophyll

  • veins (xylem & phloem)

61
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what does the lower epidermis contain

  • cuticle

  • stomata and guard cell

62
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what is translocation?

The movement of sugars through a plant in phloem

63
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xylem tissue

Moves water and dissolved minerals from the roots up the stem, roots and flowers

64
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what are the importance of transport in plants?

  • cells in the plant need sugar to produce photosynthesis for respiration

  • sugar and minerals ions are important for growth

  • water is needed for photosynthesis

65
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what is the stomata controlled by?

Guard cells, choosing when to open or close the stomata, so less water is lost than being taken in

66
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what is transpiration?

evaporation of water from plant leaves

67
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transpiration stream?

the movement of water through a plant from the roots until it is lost by evaporation from the leaves.

68
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three ways to increase rate of photosynthesis

temperature, air flow, light intensity, air flow

69
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temperature

  • molecules move faster

  • more water evaporate

  • diffusion increases at a rate

  • photosynthesis increases so stomata opens

70
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humidity

rate of diffusion a leaf is faster in dry air than damp air

71
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air flow

  • windy conditions increase the rate of evaporation

  • keeps a steep concentration gradient inside and outside the leaf by blowing water vapour

72
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light intensity

more light means more rate of photosynthesis

73
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potometer

a device that can measure the rate of water uptake of the plant under different conditions

74
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where are most of the stomata?

underside of the leaf

75
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wilting

reduces water loss and leaves start collapsing which reduce their surface area

76
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what happens if the stomata closes?

stops photosynthesis and prevents more water loss and further wilting