Gap in Knowledge for FISH

Fabry is caused by 

dysfunction of metabolism in tissues 

Tay Sachs is caused by what?

HEXA gene on Chr 15, needed for breakdown of sphingolipids 

Niemann Pick is caused by what and leads to what

defect in cellular lipids movement, leads to mental and motor decline

Lupus (SLE) affects what systems?

kidneys, heart, lungs, joints, skin

Glomerulonephritis

damage to the kidneys

every autoimmune disease represents what?

failure to self tolerance

What inhibits autoimmune reactions

Regulatory T cells 

Sympathetic Ophthalmia

granulomatous uveitis after trauma occurs

Is sympathetic Ophthalmia unilateral or bilateral ?

bilateral

What are the major autoimmune diseases

MS, MG, RA

anaphylactic shock

allergen directly enters blood and causes bronchioles to constrict

What are the subacute hypersensitives

cytotoxic reactions (type 2), immune complex (type 3)

What are the delayed hypersensitivities

caused by T cells and take longer (1-3 days)

What are some examples of delayed hypersensitivities?

allergic contact dermatitis- poison ivy, skin type tuberculosis test

What is an example of type 3 (immune complex) hypersensitivity?

famers long, RA, glomerulonephrisitis of Lupus

What antibodies are subacute hypersensitivities  caused by

IgG and IgM 

What happens during Cytotoxic reactions?

antibodies bind to antigens on specific body cells and stimulate phagocytosis and complement-mediated lysis

What type of hypersensitivity occurs with blood transfusion?

Type 2 (cytotoxic reactions)

What is type 1 hypersensitivity?

IgE mediated, quick onset after exposure

What is an example of type 1 hypersensitivity 

bee stings, latex, allergies 

allergen

an antigen that causes allergic reaction

What does the acronym ACID stand for

hypersensitivities: Allergic, Cytotoxic, Immune Complex, Delayed

during the first meeting of allergen will a patient have symptoms?

no, but it sensitizes the patient

Do people die of hypersensitivities often?

no

antibodies associated reactions cause what?

immediate and subacute hypersensitivity

T cells cause what type of hypersensitivty?

delayed hypersensitivity

Alpha Gal Syndrome is what type

an acquired type 2 hypersensitivity

What is the hypersensitivity to in alpha gal syndrome?

alpha gal ( a carbohydrate)

what is the strong association between tick bites by what and the hypersensitivity

lone star tick

SCID is what?

don’t make B and T cells

What is blood considered?

a colloid and suspension

why is blood considered a colloid and suspension

it contains ions, proteins, and cells and cells can’t penetrate capillary walls via diffusion 

cation

loses electrons

anion

gains electrons

colloid

large particles, does not settle and scatter light

suspension

very large, scatter light and settle sout

solution

very tiny, do not scatter light or settle out

covalent

sharing of electrons

sickle cells causes a change in the structure of protein, what structure is it?

quaternary

ketosis (elevated ketone bodies)  is seen where

low car diets and uncontrolled diabetes

are acids or bases worse for your eyes? and Why?

bases- they penetrate deep into the layers

ionic bond

complete transfer of electrons

primary protein structure

long chains held together by covalent (peptide) bonds

Secondary structure

alpha and beta sheets - hydrogen bonds

tertiary

3D

Quaternary

2 or more peptide chains

when are ketone bodies used

when glucose is not available

What is arachidonic acid derived from?

polyunsaturated fatty acid (omega 6)

What drugs impact the prostaglandin pathway?

NSAIDS, corticosteroids, brochiodilators

what does latanoprost do?

lowers IOP by increasing aqueous humor outflow

what do leukotrienes do?

implicated in asthmatic constriction of bronchioles

osmosis

net movement through a semi-permeable membrane into a region of higher solute concentration to equalize solute concentrations 

The tear film should be normally what?

isotonic

dry eye causes the tear film to become

hypertonic

genteal is a what ?

hypotonic

how does a mutation in aquaporin 0 lead to cataracts?

disruption in lens fluid and ion homeostasis 

Na+ and K+ ATPase keeps what low inn the avascular lens to drive microcirulation system (active transport)

Na+ levels

corneal endothelial actively pumps out Na+ to regulate water content in the stroma, what does this do?

keeps stroma clear

sodium ions pumped out of endothelial draw water out of the stroma, what does this do?

keep cornea clear

What are the most actively phagocytic cells in the human body?

RPE cells

 What type of gland are Meibomian glands, , and what is their impact on the tear film?

specialized sebaceous glands

what do meibomian glands secrete, what process (endocytosis or exocytosis)

lipids via exocytosis

what does lipids in the tear do?

reduce surface tension, smooth optics, and prevent evaporation

What does cholesterol do?

controls rigidity of the cell membrane

why are sphingolipids important?

they are component of the membrane in neural tissue 

What are the ocular manifestations of fabry disease?

corneal verticillata, cataracts, conjunctival and retinal abnormalities (vortex keratopathy, tortrous vessels)

What chromosome is mutated in Tay Sachs

HEXA on chr 15- can’’t degrade sphingolipids 

why is the glycocalyx important?

helps prevent bacterial binding, spreads tears over surface in tear film

what cells secrete glycoprotrins on the surface?

epithelial cells

How are mucins different in tear film vs glycocalyx?

tear film has free mucins, glycocalyx has membrane bound mucins

Why are amphiphilic mucins inmportant?

they allow water to be spread and reduce surface tension

What does the tear film consist of?

glycocalyx, free mucins, membrane bound mucins

F actin

smallest, constantly being severed and reformed

Intermediate filaments

most stable and permanent structure- tough and insoluble

microtubules

hollow and dynamic tubes, motor proteins move cargo on their “tracks”

Adherin Junctions are linked to what?

actin cytoskeleton

What between corneal cells affects drug delivery?

tight junctions

tight junctions are also know as?

zonula occuldens 

what do zonula occuldens precent

molecules from passing through extracellular space

Where are tight junctions present on the eye?

surface corneal epithelium

How do drugs eneter the eye through the cornea?

simple diffusion

desmosomes are formed by what and linked to what cytoskeletal structure?

Cadherins- linked to intermediate filaments

 Hemi-desmosomes tack down the corneal epithelium to what?

basal lamina 

What happens if hemi-desmosomes get injured

recurrent corneal erosions

inflammatory cells stick to blood vessel walls by

CAMs

disruption of gap junctions causes

cataracts

what is the purpose of gap junctions

cell to cell communication

glucose is taken up into the cell via

facilitated diffusion

What are the major precursors of NAD

vitamin B3 and tryptophan

FAD is derived from what precursors?

riboflavin and vit b2

What is the difference between methyl groups and acetyl groups on DNA?

methyl groups- shut down

acetyl- expose DNA

most cells in the body are in what?

interphase 

Prophase

DNA condenses to chromosomes

nuclear envelop breakdown

formation of microtubules

Metaphase

chromosomes cluster in the middle

anapahse

choromatid separation with microtubules

telophase

prophase in reverse - chromosomes unfold, nuclear envelop reforms 

Rough ER

makes proteins

Smooth ER

metabolizes lipids, synthesizes cholesterol and steroid based hormones, detoxifies drugs

Golgi

package proteins, lipids, and enzyme for export

What causes DNA damage

UV, mitochondria, inflammation, smoking, UV, pollution