Lesson 3: Chapter 8: Bones and Cartilage Classification LAB

What is the skeleton subdivided into

1. Axial Skeleton

2. Appendicular skeleton

Axial skeleton

skull, vertebrae, ribs

Appendicular skeleton

limbs, pectoral girdle, and pelvic girdle

Bone markings indicates

1. Where bones form joints with:

-other bones

-muscles

-tendons

2. Where ligaments attach

3. Where blood vessels and nerves pass

Tuberosity

large rounded projection; may be roughened

crest

narrow ridge of bone; usually prominent

trochanter

very large, blunt, irregularly shapes process (the only examples are on the femur)

line

narrow ridge of bone; less prominent than a crest

tubercle

small rounded projection or process

epicondyle

raised area on or above a condyle

spine

sharp, slender, often pointed projection

process

any bone prominance

head

bony expansion carries on a narrow neck

facet

smooth, nearly flat articular surface

condyle

rounded articular projection

ramus

armlike bar of bone

groove

furrow

fissure

narrow, slitlike opening

foramen

round or oval opening through a bone

notch

indentation at the edge of a structure

meatus

canal-like passageway

sinus

bone cavity, filled with air and lined with mucous membrane

fossa

shallow basinlike depression in a bone, often serving as an articular surface

Two basic bones classes

1. compact bone

2. spongy/cancellous bone

compact bone

smooth and homogenous

spongy/cancellous bone

has small trabeculae (bars) & lots of space

Four major groups of bones

1. long bones

2. short bones

3. flat bones

4. irregular bones

long bones

longer than they are wide; made mostly of compact bone (Ex. femur)

short bones

cube shaped; mostly spongy bone (Ex. tarsals/carpals)

flat bones

thin, two wafer like layers of compact bone with spongy bone in between (Ex. skull)

irregular bones

irregular shaped bones (Ex. vertebrae)

epiphysis

end of bone (distal and proximal)

periosteum

covers the bone; Sharpey’s fiber from this penetrate the bone

articular cartilage

covers epiphyseal surface instead of periosteum

epiphyseal plate

area of hyaline cartilage where longitudinal growth of bones occur (seen as epiphyseal line in adults)

endosteum

lines the shaft

medullary cavity

hollow central interior. contains yellow bone marrow in adults, red bone marrow in infants

yellow bone marrow

composed of adipose tissue (fat cells)

red bone marrow

consists of immature red and white blood cells and stem cells. used to produce blood cells

osteon (haversian system)

central canal & all concentric lamellae with haversian/central canal in center

haversian/central canal

runs along length of bone; carries blood, lymph vessels & nerves

canaliculus (pl.) /canaliculi (s.)

tiny canals radiating outward from central canal. they connect the central canal to small chambers in the lamellae called lacunae

osteocytes

mature bone cells found inside lacunae

lacunae

small chambers that ‘house’ the mature bone cells (osteocytes)

perforating/volkmann’s canals

canals that run into compact bone and marrow cavity from the periosteum

Shin splits

dull ache in shin

most causes of shin pain are classifies as medial tibial stress syndrome (MTSS); pain caused by:

1. Inflammation of the periosteum (periostitis)

2. Inflammation of the perforating fibers

contributing factors to MTSS include

mechanical factors (flat feet, inversion of feet with impact exercises)

articular

covers bone end of movable joints

costal

connecting ribs to sternum

laryngeal

construct the larynx

tracheal & bronchial

reinforce passageways of respiratory system

nasal

supports nose

intervertebral discs

cushion bones of spine

hyaline

found in nasal, articular, costal, tracheal/bronchial (air passages). most skeletal cartilages are composed of this type

elastic

only found in external ear and epiglottis

fibrocartilage

found in cartilage at knee joint, pubic symphysis, intervertebral

Three main types of cartilage

1. Hylaine

2. Elastic

3. Fibrocartilage

Skeletal Cartilage

1. Articular

2. Costal

3. Laryngeal

4. Tracheal & bronchial

5. Nasal

6. Intervertebral discs

Long bone structures

1. Epiphysis

2. Periosteum

3. Articular cartilage

4. Epiphyseal plate

5. Endosteum

6. Medullary cavity

7. yellow bone marrow

8. red bone marrow