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What is a victim?
Any person who suffered direct physical or emotional harm as the result of a sexual or violent offense.
What is consent?
A freely given agreement to the conduct at issue by a competent person.
What is the definition of victimology?
The scientific study of victimization including the relationships between victims and offenders, the interactions between victims and the criminal justice system, and the connections between victims and other social groups and institutions such as the media businesses, and social movements.
What are the immediate post-assault effects?
- Disorganization (Loss of control of mind and body)
- Flashbacks (Reliving or reenacting experience)
- Depression (Suicidal thoughts, self-destructive acts)
- Extreme Emotions, numbing, and disassociation
Fear and hyper-vigilance vs. calm and denial
- Intrusive memories and/or nightmares
- Guilt and/or shame
- Shock and/or disbelief
- Irritability and/or angry outbursts
- Sleeplessness/fatigue
- Physical pain
What are the potential reactions to sexual assault?
- Intense (and in a state of constantly changing) feelings
- Pervasive fear, anxiety, and phobic behavior
- Numbness
- Cognitive disorganization and helplessness
- Somatic complaints; sleeping and eating difficulties
- Withdrawal, alienation, and mistrust
- Feelings of humiliation and self-blame
- Not feeling like oneself
What does the acronym MST stand for?
Military Sexual Trauma
MST is characterized by several factors, including:
- Offenders being known to victim
- Young victims
- Broken trust
- Leadership not resolving crimes
- Military culture places a premium on strength and self-sufficiency
What does the acronym PTSD stand for?
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is
A severe condition that may develop after a person is exposed to one or more traumatic events and is one of the most common mental health disorders among sexual assault victims.
People who suffer from PTSD often ________ the sexual assault.
relive
PTSD is marked by clear __________ changes as well as psychological symptoms.
biological
Treatment administered for PTSD will depend on:
the symptoms experienced and must be tailored to meet a victim's needs.
Symptoms of PTSD include:
- Intrusive Memories
- Avoidance
- Negative changes in thinking and mood
- Changes in physical and emotional reactions
Symptoms of PTSD may start within one month of a traumatic event, but:
sometimes may not appear until years after.
What are some of the PTSD coping mechanisms?
Self-Blame, Self-Harm, and Self-Medication.
Self-Blame is
An attribution people employ to defend against the reality of helplessness and the terror of a repeat assault.
Self-Harm includes
self-mutilation or high-risk, adrenaline-producing behaviors.
Self-medication can look like:
compulsive drinking, use of drugs, or even compulsive use of food. It becomes a way to dull or distract us from our feelings.
What are the themes and beliefs unique to Male Sexual Assault Victims?
Legitimacy ("no one will believe me", "men can't be sexual assault victims"), Masculinity issues ("I can't be a real man if I let this happen to me", "my manhood has been destroyed, stolen from me"), Homosexuality feelings ("do I look gay", "am I gay", "homosexuality is perverted and evil", "did this happen because I am gay or bisexual?")
Why don't male victims report?
- Fear of shame, embarrassment, humiliation, or blaming oneself
- Fear of being judged by others, including fear of being seen as weak or less then.
- Fear of not fitting in.
- Fear of the repercussions for reporting.
- Military rank structure as a potential obstacle to reporting - especially if the perpetrator was of higher rank.
Power-Motivated Offender:
- Most common type
- Use physical force
- Stalking and harassment are common
Power Reassurance and Power Assertive Offender:
- Show less aggression than other rapists
- Exhibit anger only in response to victim resistance
- Verbal intimidation, use of a weapon, or physical force used, if necessary
- More likely to use rape drugs
Anger Motivated Offender:
- Motivated by anger or rage
- Often severely beat victims prior to assault
- Not premeditated
Sadistic Offender:
- Least common type
- Frequently torture, kill, maim, or mutilate victims
A Sex Offender is:
A person who commits a crime involving a sexual act including, but not limited to, a Soldier, Family Member, civilian employee, civilian employee's family member, contactor, guest, visitor, etc., who is either registered as a sex offender or is required to register as a sex offender. Additionally, is a person who is recognized as an offender pursuant to any DoD, Army, state, District of Columbia, Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, Guam, American Samoa, Nothern Mariana Island, U.S. Virgin Islands, or federally recognized Native American tribe, law, regulation, or policy.
What are the types of Sex Offenders?
Non-stranger, Stranger, and Gang and Multiple Rape.
Non-stranger:
- Most Common type of sexual assault
- Includes acquaintance rape, drug facilitate rape, and marital rape.
Stranger:
- Less likely to occur
- 25% of rape/sexual assault committed by strangers
Gang and multiple rape:
- Victim usually know at least one member of the group
- At least one of the members demonstrates "Characteristics of Sex Offenders"
What are the potential characteristics of Sex Offenders?
- Hostility towards opposite genders
- Unaware of ramifications of behavior
- Careful planning associated with multiple offenses in undetected and convicted offender
- Deviant aggressive sexual fantasy for a subgroup of offenders
- Adversarial beliefs about relationships between men and women (i.e. gender roles)
- Endorses rape myths
What is the definition of Victim Blaming?
- Holding the victims of crime entirely or partially responsible for sexual assault
- Blaming individuals for their personal trouble or for social difficulties
- Not blaming the other people involved or the larger social system in place
What are the Victim Blaming Theories?
Just World Hypothesis and the Invulnerability Theory.
What is the Just World Hypothesis?
An individual wants to believe that the world is a safe, just place where people get what they deserve and deserve what they get.
What is the Invulnerability Theory?
- No one likes to think they could lose control over their own body or life
- By deciding a rape victim did something concrete to deserve the sexual assault, the observer creates a false sense of safety
- If they can avoid doing that particular thing or action, then they create the illusion of invulnerability for themselves
Victim Blaming Statements
"You can't rape a *****."
"No man would ever turn down sexual contact from a woman."
"It was probably a case of consensual, gay sex that the alleged victim is trying to hide."
"All women say 'no' when they really mean 'yes'."
"Men are strong and could resist if they really wanted to."
"She was wearing a miniskirt and a halter top, dressed provocatively."
"She invited him over to her room."
If the victim were gay, it's not as serious as a crime as it would be if he/she were straight."
What types of myths surround sexual assault?
Cultural Myths, Social Myths, Rape Myths, and Harmful Attitudes.
First Responders are (definition):
individuals who, in the early stages of an incident, are responsible for the protection and preservation of life, property, evidence, and the environment.
Who are considered first responders?
- SARCs/VAs
- Healthcare Personnel
- DoD Law Enforcement
- CID
- Firefighters/EMTs
- Chaplains
- Special Victims Counsel (SVCs)
Victim Reporting Prefence Statement
DD Form 2910
Defense Sexual Assault Incident Database (DSAID) Form
DD Form 2965
- Coordinate and manage the brigade's advocacy program
- Provide direct advocacy support to victims of sexual assault to include eligibility for adult sexual assault victims in unmarried intimate partner relationships
- Manage the VAs in the brigade and assign them as advocates to assist sexual assault victims
- Perform duties in garrison and deployed environments
SARC Responsibilities
- Provide essential support and care to sexual assault victims
- Offer nonclinical information on available options and resources
- Maintain communications and contact with victims
- Perform duties in garrison and deployed environments
VA Responsibilities
- Ensure victim understands that speaking with SHARP personnel is voluntary
- Assess for imminent danger
- Ascertain victim's immediate needs
- Encourage victim to seek medical and psychological assistance
- Ensure victim is aware of actions available to promote his or her safety
- Explain reporting options, including: Exceptions and/or limitations to each, Availability of legal assistance, Option to request an expedited transfer/reassignment
- Review DD Form 2910 and provide resource information
- Facilitate victim's contact with military and Civilian resources
- Advise victim of availability to provide ongoing advocacy services
- Consult with SARC on immediate assistance provide
Shared responsibilities of the SARC/VA
Overall program leadership within Forensic Healthcare Roles:
- DHA Forensic Healthcare Program - Lead Program Director (FHP-LPD)
- DHA Forensic Healthcare Program Market Coordinators (FHP-MC)
MTFs with 24/7 emergency department or a clinic conducting sexual assault medical forensic examinations (SAFEs) within Forensic Healthcare Roles:
- Forensic Healthcare Program Director (FHP-D)
- Forensic Healthcare Program Manage (FHP-M)
- Forensic Healthcare Examiner (FHE)
- Forensic Healthcare Program Assistance (FHP-A)
- Forensic Healthcare Program Follow-up Provider (FHP-F)
Non-24/7 MTFs and clinics not conducting SAFEs within Forensic Healthcare Roles:
Forensic Healthcare Program Care Coordinator (FHP-CC)
Who is the Medical Healthcare Provider and oversees DHA Forensic Healthcare?
Forensic Healthcare Lead Program Director
Who coordinates Forensic Healthcare within assigned area/s (i.e. policy, education, data gathering)?
Forensic Healthcare Network (Market) Coordinator
Who is a MD, DO, or APRN who provides medical oversight to the FHE/SAMFE and FHO, MOU/MOA?
Forensic Healthcare Program Director
Who is the FHE or SAMFE who serves at 24/7 FT and FHE/SAMFE lead?
Forensic Healthcare Program Manager
Who serves as the primary POC at non-24/7 MTFs, MOU/MOA?
Forensic Healthcare Program Care Coordinator
Who is the MD, DO, PA, or APRN who provides follow-up care?
Forensic Healthcare Program Follow-Up Provider
What are the responsibilities of the Chaplain within response to Sexual Assault?
- Confidential Counseling
- Spiritual Guidance
- Long-term Support Services
What are the responsibilities of Law Enforcement when responding to Sexual Assault?
- Secure the crime scene
- Ensure the victim's safety
- Contact U.S. Army Criminal Investigation Division (CID)
What are the responsibilities of CID when responding to Sexual Assault?
- Collect Forensic Evidence
- Interview the victim, alleged offenders, and witnesses
- Make the determination if the case is founded or unfounded
What are the responsibilities of Legal Assistance Attorneys in response to Sexual Assault?
- Inform victims of their legal rights
- Contact the SARC/VA
- Provide guidance on possible collateral misconduct
- Conduct privileged communications
In response to an Unrestricted Report of Sexual Assault, a victim's commander shall:
- Ensure victim's physical safety and sensitive care/support
- Determine if the victim needs/desires emergency medical care
- Notify CID, the SARC or VA, and OSTC
- Strictly limit facts and details to those who need to know
- Collaborate with first responders and collect basic information
- Authorize convalescent Leave for Unrestricted and Restricted Reporting
- Provide victims with updates regarding case status (Monthly within 72 hours of CMG/SARB)
When warranted, subject's BDE commander will ensure the MPO is in place within (Hours):
6 Hours
Commander must determine the best course of action for separating the victim and the alleged offender(s), including:
- Transferring the victim and/or the alleged offender to another unit (expedited transfer may be requested by the victim, and ensure re-victimization does not occur)
- Evaluating whether a Military Protective Order (MPO) is appropriate (Restraining order may be requested from civilian courts)
What is CallSILAS?
Call CID
Safety
Initiate
Listen
Accommodate
Suspend
What is the Safe-to-Report Policy?
It outlines procedures for handling alleged "minor" and "non-minor" collateral misconduct.
What are some of the Collateral Misconducts that are considered minor?
Underage drinking, unprofessional relationship, curfews, and off-limit locations.
Who determines whether Collateral Misconduct is minor or not?
Office of Special Trial Counsel (OSTC)
What does the SAIRO acronym in the SAIRO Report stand for?
Sexual Assault Incident Response Oversight
Within how many days will the SAIRO Report be submitted?
8 Days
What is the SAIRO Report?
A report that is submitted within 8 calendar days after an Unrestricted Report of sexual assault or independent investigation. It is only provided to those with a need to know. It does not include PII, photographs, or information that could lead to personal identification of the victim or subject. It includes incident data, advocacy services offered, victim's immediate commander input, healthcare, investigation, safety, expedited transfer, and legal services.
Advocacy is a positive interpersonal process throughout which the victim feels:
- Respected and validated
- A positive, trusting connection with the SARC/VA
- A sense of hope and increased empowerment and effectiveness
What are the types of advocacy?
System Advocacy and Individual Advocacy
What is System Advocacy?
Involves working for the changes that are needed to improve system response to a class of victims.
What is Individual Advocacy?
Involves working to facilitate the choices of an individual victim.
What are the Four Steps of Victim Advocacy?
Step 1: Establish Rapport
Step 2: Assess and clarify immediate needs
Step 3: Explore Options
Step 4: Bring Closure
What is Step 1 in the Four Steps of Victim Advocacy?
Establish Rapport
What is Step 2 in the Four Steps of Victim Advocacy?
Assess and clarify immediate needs
What is Step 3 in the Four Steps of Victim Advocacy?
Explore options
What is Step 4 in the Four Steps of Victim Advocacy?
Bring closure
In Step 1 of Victim Advocacy, what does establishing rapport look like?
- Speaking clearly and maintaining eye contact
- Letting the victim know you are there for support
- Respecting the victim's personal space
- Remembering complainant/victim's perspective
- Making victim's comfort your priority
- Remaining genuine and empathetic
In Step 2 of Victim Advocacy, what does assessing and clarifying immediate needs look like?
- Identifying the immediate needs of the victim
- Allow victim to discuss, validate, and clarify any feelings
- Offer services of the MTF, Chaplain and CID
- Avoid jumping to conclusion
In Step 3 of Victim Advocacy, what does exploring options look like?
- Identifying and explaining victims choices (i.e. family and safety issues, reporting options, medical care/forensic exam, counseling, legal assistance, civilian legal resources, veteran's affairs MST coordinators)
- Expect uncertainty
- Support victim's choice of options
In Step 4 of Victim Advocacy, what does bringing closure look like?
- Schedule a follow-up meeting if appropriate
- Provide contact information and resources
- Gather final data for reporting purposes
What are the DO's of Victim Advocacy?
-Answer questions truthfully
-Stress that the incident was not the victim's fault
-Tell the victim that his or her feelings are normal
-Assure the victim that he or she is not alone
-act compassionately
REspect religious backgrounds
DIscuss syptoms or side effects
Inform victim about the process
-Provide referrals and resources
What are the DONT's of Victim Advocacy?
-Make Up Answer
-Counsel the victims
-Ask questions that imply the victim is to blame
-Say, "Everything will be okay"
-Say "I understand what you're feeling"
-Make promises you can't ensure
-Say the alleged offender will definitely be punished or imprisoned
-Give a timeline for recovery
What are the Types of Reporting Options?
Restricted and Unrestricted
Service members and military dependents 18 years and older who have been sexually assaulted have _____ reporting option(s).
two
What form do DA Civilians file reports of Sexual Assault on?
DD Form 2910-8
Restricted Reporting
is a confidential report that allows service members or adult military dependents 18 years and older to report being the victim of a sexual assault.
What does a Restricted Report allow victims access to?
Medical care, counseling, legal services, advocacy services.
Who can Restricted Reports be filed with?
- SARC
- VA
- Healthcare Personnel
Who can NOT accept Restricted Reports of Sexual Assault?
Chaplains and/or Legal Assistance Attorneys.
The SARC will report information concerning Sexual Assault incidents, without information that could reasonably lead to personal identification of the victim, to the senior commander within ______ hours of the incident.
24
A Restricted Report may be disclosed to Command Officials or Law Enforcement when:
When the disclosure is authorized in writing or when disclosure is necessary to prevent or lessen a serious and imminent threat to the health or safety of the victim or another person.
A Restricted Report may be disclosed to Disability Retirement Boards, Medical Evaluation Boards, and Officials participating on these boards:
When the disclosure is required for fitness for duty or for disability retirement determinations and when disclosure is limited to only that information necessary to make a determination for disability processing.
A Restricted Report may be disclosed to the SARC, VA, or healthcare personnel when:
The disclosure is required for the direct supervision of victim services.
A Restricted Report may be disclosed to Military or Civilian courts when:
The disclosure is ordered or if disclosure is required by federal or state statue or when the SARC, VA, and healthcare personnel will consult with the SJA before disclosing any information. The SJA will make the determination if any exceptions apply.
What is the CATCH a Serial Offender Program?
Allows a victim who has filed a Restricted Report (and in limited cases, Unrestricted Reports) to submit an entry into the CATCH database containing suspect or incident information for the purpose of identifying individuals suspected of perpetrating multiple sexual assault.
The CATCH entries will remain active for a total of _____ years, which means SAFE kits performed for Restricted Reports are now retained for ____ years.
10, 10
What type of Sexual Assault Report has these benefits:
- Access to medical, advocacy, legal, and counseling services
- Can Receive the Sexual Assault Forensic Examination (SAFE)
- No command involvement
- Control the release of personal information
- Can Change to Unrestricted, at any time
- CATCH Program Participation?
Restricted Report
What type of Sexual Assault Report has these benefits:
- Access to medical, advocacy, legal, and counseling services
- Can Receive the SAFE
- Alleged offender may be held accountable
- Command support
- Can receive protective order (Military Protective Order [MPO] or Civilian Protective Ord [CPO])
- Can Request an Expedited Transfer?
Unrestricted Report
What type of Sexual Assault Report has these limitations:
- The alleged offender will not be held accountable
- Ineligible for expedited transfer or reassignment
- No command support
- Cannot receive a protective order?
Restricted Report
What type of Sexual Assault Report has these limitations:
- More people will know about the sexual assault
- Investigation may be intrusive and difficult
- Cannot change to Restrict Report
Unrestricted Report
The main differences between Restricted vs. Unrestricted Reports of Sexual Assault:
Command support, MPO/CPO, expedited transfer, and accountability of alleged offender.
