Ionic Bonding Test

chemical bond

a force that holds atoms together and makes them function together as “one unit”

bonding energy

the amount of energy required to break abond

when atoms bond

it is because the system can achieve the lowest possible energy state

a bond will form if

the energy of the bonded atoms is lower than the energy of the two separated atoms

covalent bond

• formed when electrons are shared by the nuclei of two atoms

• nonmetal atoms react to form it so that both atoms can achieve a noble gas electron configuration

ionic bond

• force of attraction between an atom that loses electrons easily and an atom that has a high electron affinity

• formed when a metal atom reacts with a nonmetal atom

• nonmetal ions and metal ions form so that each ion can achieve a noble gas electron configuration

anion

atom with negative charge or too many electrons

cation

atom with positive charge or too few electrons

Electronegativity

• tendency of an atom to attract a bonding pair of electrons

• used to define the type of bond that is occurring between 2 atoms

valence electrons

number of electrons in the outermost energy shell

octet rule

atoms attempt to get a full set of 8 electrons by gaining/losing/sharing electrons, making their electron configuration like a noble gas. H, He are exceptions, they want 2 electrons.

polar covalent bond

when one atom in a covalent bond is more electronegative than the other, the atoms share the electron pair unequally

in a polar covalent bond

the electron pair is pulled towards the electronegative atom

the more electronegative atoms can have a partial ____, and the less electronegative atoms can have a partial ____

negative charge and become slightly negative, positive charge and become slightly positive

electronegativity difference between 0.5 and 2.0

polar covalent bond

non polar covalent bond

when both atoms are equally electronegative

electronegativity less than

0.5

if one atom is very much more electronegative than the other

the electron pair is pulled all the way over to the more electronegative atom’s end of the bond and is no longer shared (ionic bond)

electronegativity difference more than 2.0

ionic bond

ionic compound is formed when

positively charged ions and negatively charged ions form and are held together by ionic bonds

ionic compounds must be

neutrally charged, which means the charges of all the positive ions and the negative ions in the compound must add to 0

naming of an ionic compound

cation first, anion second

single atom negative ions use the ending (F-) (Cl-)

“ide”

polyatomic anions with oxygen atoms are called

yanions

polyatomic anions often end with either

“ate” or “ite”

the “ite” always has ____, than the “ate” ion

1 less oxygen

“per” means

1 more oxygen than the “ate” ion

“hypo” means

1 less oxygen than the “ite” ion

polyvalent metals

a metal that has multiple valences

neutral compound

ionic compound with a charge of zero; the plus charges cancel out the negative charges

polyatomic ions

an ion made up of 2 or more atoms

neutral compound

ionic compound with a charge of zero; the plus charges cancel out the negative charges

Localized Electron Model (LE)

assumes that a molecule is made up of atoms that are held together by shared pairs of electrons using the atomic orbitals of those atoms

lone pairs

electron pairs that are located on one atom

bonding pairs

electrons that are in the space between two atoms