Chapter 8 Social and personality development in the preschool years

What is psychosocial development?

Development that encompasses changes both in the understandings individuals have of society and in their comprehension of the meaning of others’ behavior

According to Erik Erikson how many stages do people pass through?

Eight distinct stages

What is each stage characterized by according to Erik Erikson?

A crisis or conflict which must be resolved.

What is the developmental period for integrity despair?

Late adulthood 60’s onward.

What is the developmental period of generativity verses stagnation?

middle adulthood 40s,50s

What is the developmental period of intimacy versus isolations?

Early adulthood 20s,30s

What is the developmental period of identity versus confusion?

Adolescence 10 to 20 years

What is the developmental period of industry versus inferiority ?

Middle and late childhood elementary school years 6 years to puberty.

What is the developmental period of initiative verses guilt?

Early childhood preschool years 3 to 5 years.

What is the developmental period of autonomy versus shame and doubt?

Infancy 1 to 3 years.

What is the developmental period of trust versus mistrust?

infancy first year

What is the Initiative-versus-guilt stage?

The period during which children aged 3 to 6 years experience conflict between independence of action and the negative results if there’s failure or inability complete the task.

What is an example of the initiative-versus-guilt stage?

”Let me do it” or “I can do it” versus ”I can’t do anything.”

When parents react positively to the initiative-versus-guilt stage how will it affect the student?

They can help their children toward independence. With discouragement, a sense of guilt might form.

What is self-concept?

A person’s identity or set of beliefs about what one is like as an individual.

What is an example of self-concept?

“I like trains,” “I am a big boy,” & “I like to draw.”

What is collectivistic orientation?

A philosophy that promotes the notion of independence

What is individualistic orientation?

A philosophy that emphasizes personal identity and the uniqueness of the individual

What is an example of individualistic orientation?

•The squeaky wheel gets the grease – acknowledged

•I like it when a flower or a little tuft of grass grows through a crack in the concrete.  It’s so …heroic. (G. Carlin)

What do children notice by the time they are 3 or 4 years old?

Differences among people based on skin color and identify themselves as a member of an ethnicity and/or race.

What is race dissonance?

The phenomenon in which minority children indicate preferences for majority values or people.

What does sex refer to in gender identity?

Sexual anatomy and sexual behavior.

What does gender refer to?

The perception of being male or female as relate to membership in a given society.

How do male children play?

Rough and tumble

How do females play?

Organized games and role playing

What are the common behaviors in males?

Competence, independence, forcefulness, competitiveness.

What are the common behaviors in females?

Warmth, expressiveness, nurturance, and submissiveness.

What are hormones?

Sex-related biological characteristic that affect gender-based behaviors.

What is exposure to androgens correlated with?

Male stereotyped behavior.

Development of what differs and is larger in females then in males?

Corpus callosum

What is the oral stage of Psychoanalytic Perspectives?

•Oral stage where the focus of pleasure is the mouth (fed, suck on thumb, etc)

What is the anal stage of Psychoanalytic Perspectives?

where the focus of pleasure is the anus. (potty training, elimination)

What is the phallic stage of Psychoanalytic Perspectives?

Where the focus of child’s pleasure relates to genital sexuality.

Who do males desire to be with?

Mothers

Who do females desire to be with?

Fathers

What does Oedipal conflict lead to?

Fear of retaliation.

What is castration anxiety?

Overwhelming fear of damage to, or loss of, the penis.

What do children develop in the attempt to be similar to their parent of the same sex and incorporate attitudes and values as their own?

Identification

How do children learn gender related behavior and expectations?

By watching others and they might learn directly by instruction

What does observation of rewards for acting in a gender appropriate manner lead to?

Conform to such behavior.

What is a gender schema?

A cognitive framework that organizes information relevant to gender – organizes schemas into a gender.

What is gender identity?

The perception of oneself as male or female.

What is gender constancy?

The fact that people are permanently males or females, depending on fixed, unchangeable biological factors – they don’t change.

What do parents provide to children in preschool years?

Care, protection, and directions.

When do children start to develop friendships?

Preschool

What is play essential for?

Cognitive, physical, social, and emotional wellbeing of children and youth.

What is the basic right every child has according to united nations high commission?

Play

What is functional play?

Simple, repetitive activities - understanding how the object works.

What is an example of functional play?

Playing with a car – using the car as the car is supposed to use.

What is constructive play?

Manipulate objects to produce or build something - know how to play with something.

What is an example of constructive play?

making something out of different materials

What is parallel play?

Playing with similar toys, in a similar manner, without interaction

What is an example of parallel play?

applying with cars – playing together, separately

What is onlooker play?

Watching others at play without participating themselves.

What is an example of onlooker play?

Watching other kids playing without doing anything.

What is associative play?

Play in which two or more children interact by sharing or borrowing toys or materials without doing the same thing.

What is associative play?

playing together and borrowing materials – asking to borrow things - separate.

What is cooperative play?

Interacting with one another, taking turns, playing games, or devising contests.

What is an example of cooperative play?

Playing together, bouncing off ideas, TOGETHER

What is theory of mind?

Knowledge and beliefs about how the mind operates. 

By what age do preschoolers understand others have emotions?

2 years

By what age do preschoolers distinguish between something in their minds and physical actually?

3 or 4 years

By what age do preschoolers understand…

•understand motives behind behavior

•understand tricks

•easily solve false belief problems. (Other people can have a different perspective than me

4 years old

What does brain maturation allow?

Myelination within the frontal lobes correlated with the development of emotional capacity involving self awareness.

What are language skills development related to?

think/how

What do cultural factors relate to?

Understanding of others’ actions.

How do children of authoritarian parents behave?

–Children tend to be withdrawn, showing little sociability.

–Not very friendly and behave uneasily with peers.

–Girls are dependent while boys are hostile

What parenting child is high control low warmth?

Authoritarian parents

What parenting child is low control high warmth?

Permissive parents

How do children of permissive parents behave?

–Children tend to be dependent and moody

–Low social skills and self-control

What parenting style is high warmth high control?

Authoritative parents

How do children of authoritative parents behave?

–They are independent, friendly, self-assertive, and cooperative

–Strong motivation to achieve (successful and likable)

–Regulate their own behavior effectively

What parenting styles is low control low warmth?

Uninvolved parents

How do children of uninvolved parents behave?

–Disrupted emotional development

–Feel unloved and emotionally detached

–Influences physical and cognitive development

–Delayed development

What do chinse people believe is the best parenting style?

Chiao shun and authoritarian methods.

What does the U.S believe to be the parenting style with those results in successful children?

Authoritative methods

What is child abuse?

The physical or psychological maltreatment / neglect of children

What are the types of abuse?

–Neglect (includes educational and medical neglect)

–Physical abuse

–Sexual abuse

–Emotional maltreatment (hardest to report)

–Other

When do most cases of child abuse take place?

In stressful environments.

What is psychological maltreatment

Harm to children’s behavioral, cognitive, emotional, or physical functioning.

What causes psychological maltreatment?

By parents who use verbal/psychological abuse, hurtful actions, exploitation, or neglect that may occur through either overt behavior or neglect.

What is child neglect?

Ignoring one’s children or being emotionally unresponsive to them.

What does the most frequent form of psychological maltreatment?

Children who are unsupervised or uncared for

What might psychological maltreatment s be associated with?

Low self-esteem, misbehavior, and underachievement in school.

What may maltreatment cause?

Negative consequences because permanent changes to the brain of victims result from the abuse.

What can childhood maltreatment lead to?

Reductions in the size of the amygdala and hippocampus.

what is the limbic system involved in?

The regulation of memory and emotion might be affected.

What is the cycle-of-violence hypothesis?

The theory that abuse and neglect that children suffer predispose them as adults to abuse and neglect their own children.

Do most parents who abuse their children intent to hurt their children?

No, they do not intend to hurt their children in fact, later express bewilderment and regret about their own behavior.

How many people who were abused or neglected and will repeat the cycle and abuse their own children?

1/3 people

Is spanking an appropriate form of discipline?

Spanking is not an appropriate discipline technique.

What is an appropriate form of discipline?

Use of time-out

What should parents do to avoid conflict with children?

Use routines (such as a bath routine or a bedtime routine)

What is resilience?

The ability to overcome circumstances that place a child at high risk for psychological or physical damage.

What is an example of resilience?

Poverty, prenatal stress, homes with violence or social disorders.

What are the characteristics of resilient children?

–affectionate, easy-going, and good-natured.

–socially pleasant, outgoing, have good communication skills, are relatively intelligent, independent, or feel they can shape their own fate.

–Resilience might improve the prospects of children who are at risk.

What is moral development?

Sense of justice and of what is right and worong, and the behavior related to issues.

What might you consider for moral development?

•reasoning about morality

•attitudes toward moral lapses

•behavior when faced with moral issues

What does Piaget suggest about moral development?

There is stages of moral development.

What is the first stage of Piaget view of moral development?

Heteronomous morality (4-7): rules are seen as invariant and unchangeable.