whap study guide unit 4.1

early modern period

technology causes exploration

• from the classical world: Roman’s and greeks contribute to geography, astroblades are used for latitude, and atlantic wind currents are used for travel through the method of volta do mar

• from chinese: the magnetic compass

• from muslim: lateen sail (triangle sails on ship)

• in blue water sailing: spain and portugal use caravel but with lateen sails, carracks are used by portuguese for long distance travel and fluyts are used by dutch

columbus and his impact

• colombus thinks he’s in asia but he’s really in cuba

• spanish learn that america is a continent and now need to get their grubby little hands on it: cuba is conquered by spain in 1510 and ponce de leon found a peninsula and was like ur name is florida

• spanish learn a faster route from americas to back to spain: it’s called gulf stream

• now lots of ppl wanna conquer stuff for honor these ppl are the conquistadors

• an example of a conquistador is panfilo de narvaez: he got permission from charles v to conquer floria to veracruz he had the money for the ships but he had bad luck and lost 2-3 i forget how many but he does arrive in cuba however when he gets to florida he tortured the natives to get gold and silver :( and they lowk dont even know where that stuff is so they send him north where he starts decreasing his supplies of food and stuff so everyone starts dying so narvarez tried going to mexico but galveston was reached out but he lowk goes somewhere and is never seen again (shows the struggles conquistadors had to go to and the cruelty shown by everyone)

• cabeza de vaca survived as a slave (shows that natives were also cruel)

causes and effects of european exploration

portuguese are doing exploration bc they’re lowk broke and need resorces

lots of trade in asia bc they have spices that turn the white ppl food not bland

• muslims help europeans trade with asia

christian missionary’s from europe were either peaceful or not peaceful

prince henrry the navigator aka of portugal does all of the above - trade power and missionaries aka three Gs

european motivations for exploration

prince henry the navigator aka of portugal conquered the moroccan port of ceuta

portuguese merchants establish tracing posts at são jorge da mina

after prince henry death portuguese are like we’re still gonna explore and bortolomeu dias entered the indian ocean to asia

vasco da gama had difficult trips to and from india but bringing back cinnamon and pepper leads to more profit for portugal which makes merchants be like hey i want a peiec of that money too so there are more expeditions to india and then english ppl and dutch are like hey we are gonna do that too

christopher colombus tried to go to asia but sees americas instead

• taíno island there are guanahaní and they are the first to come to contact with chris c

• he connected the west and east hemisphere

european exploration of the atlantic

vitus bering learned abt alaska area and named a strait after himself - bering strait

ferdinand magellan is a portuguese explorer that did tge first circumnavigation of the globe by ship (took three years). but it was very hard bc there was less food which lead to scurvy which lead to more death but thing get better bit magellan and 40 crew members die before the circumnavigation is finished

the pacific ocean is very big so it took a long time to explore and a lot of counties to explore it

captain hames cook was a british explorer that explored the pacific learned abt polynesian areas and mapped them and australia and new zealand

european exploration of the pacific

allowed for biological exchanges between flora and disease which altered geography and the natural environment

caused the transfer of disease expeshally smallpox for unexposed populations (aztec mexico pacific islands) which cause population decline

overall pop increases bc the supply of animal energy and food increases

american food crops are in more european diets which led to more nutrition

also there is more migration of humans both voluntary and forced

colombian exchange

spanish galleons (ships) did exchange between manila city in philippines mexico and asia for silver

fur animals are hunted more for their pelts which leads to near/just extinction which altered the environments

• exploration of worlds resources by humans

by 1750 all parts of world minus australia participate in global trade bc there is a lot of expansion

• european mariners play a prominent role in this

global trade networks

portuguese built earliest trading post empire (even tho it was weakened by 16 cent) for example the trading post set up by da gama in calicut india

afonso d’alboquerque is the commander of portuguese forces in indian ocean that got portuguese to control indian ocean (he forced merchants to buy self conduct passes) and he also seized hormuz goa and malacca

english ppl and dutch establish parallel networks and have more efficient ships that portugal and they are more focused on money than trying to control shipping like portugal, they establish two powerful joint stock company’s of the english east india company and the dutch voc and they bring in a lot of profit

trading post empires

under the command of miguel lópez de legazpi spanish forces overcame local authorities in philippines (bc no central gov) and conquested it

spanish policies in philippines are abt trade and christianity as seen in manila city high was the hub of spanish commercial activity and even tho chinese merchants were prejudice against the spanish still relied on them for wealth and also spanish authorities also spread roman catholicism

dutch mariners don’t care abt spreading christianity they care abt trade of spices bc white ppl food be bland

• jan pieterszoon loen founder batavia on java island for voc bh taking advantage of political conflicts the voc is control all parts of java and spice bearing islands in indonesia by 17 cent

european conquests in asia

russia conquers siberia bc ppl want fur which leads to expansion

indigenous people of siberia were either resistance or compliant to russian expansion and when russia tries to make them ortho their like no we’re just gonna stick with our shamanism traditions so the russians had little success

later russians migrate to siberia cause now there’s more russian control and they establish agricultural settlements there also now there are russian speaking populations with russian towns and ortho churches

expansion of russian empire

commercial competition leads to conflict which just kinda spread everywhere

seven years war is a global conflict between britain and france in multiple continents meaning that other people had to get involved making it a global issue and this war also laid the foundation for 150 years of british imperial hegemony because british just can’t stop winning all these global conflicts meaning now there’s is britain dominance

seven years war