Video: Review of Respiratory and GI Nursing Concepts (Ch 24-31)

Vocabulary flashcards covering key terms, definitions, and concepts from the provided lecture notes on noninfectious respiratory conditions and GI/nutrition topics.

Asthma

Chronic inflammatory airway disease with mucosal edema, hyperresponsiveness, and mucus production causing obstruction and reduced airflow.

IgE-mediated allergy

Allergic predisposition with IgE attaching to mast cells, triggering asthma attacks.

Eosinophilic asthma

Asthma phenotype with eosinophil overabundance (≈50% of cases) activated by IL-5 leading to airway inflammation.

Neutrophilic asthma

Asthma phenotype where IL-17 activates neutrophils, increasing airway inflammation.

GERD as an asthma trigger

Gastroesophageal reflux can worsen asthma, especially at night due to acid exposure.

Status asthmaticus

Severe, life-threatening asthma episode with potential hypoxia, cyanosis, and altered level of consciousness.

SABA

Short-acting beta-agonist; rescue bronchodilator (e.g., albuterol) for acute relief.

Inhaled corticosteroids (ICS)

Daily controller medication reducing airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness.

LABA

Long-acting beta-agonist; used with ICS for extended bronchodilation.

Anticholinergic in asthma

Bronchodilator that dries mucus and reduces airway constriction (e.g., ipratropium).

Peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR)

Maximum speed of expiration; used to monitor asthma control.

Forced vital capacity (FVC)

Total air exhaled forcefully after a deep breath; part of pulmonary function testing.

FEV1

Forced expiratory volume in 1 second; decreases with obstructive lung disease.

Emphysema

COPD phenotype with loss of elastic tissue and alveolar walls, air trapping, and increased work of breathing.

Chronic bronchitis

COPD with chronic productive cough for ≥3 months in ≥2 consecutive years due to mucus hypersecretion and inflammation.

Cor pulmonale

Right-sided heart failure caused by chronic lung disease and pulmonary hypertension.

Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency

Genetic risk factor for early-onset emphysema due to unchecked elastase activity.

Cystic Fibrosis (CF)

Autosomal recessive disease with thick mucus from blocked chloride transport; sweat chloride test positive.

Burkholderia cepacia

Resistant bacterial infection risk in CF patients.

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH)

Chronic elevation of pulmonary artery pressure (>25 mm Hg) leading to right heart strain.

Pneumonia

Infection causing alveolar inflammation and impaired ventilation from inhaled pathogens.

Hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP)

Pneumonia arising ≥48 hours after hospital admission, often due to MDROs.

Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP)

Subtype of HAP occurring in patients on mechanical ventilation.

Tuberculosis (TB)

Infectious airborne disease; diagnosed by PPD or IGRA; requires isolation.

Rhinosinusitis (Sinusitis)

Inflammation of paranasal sinuses; acute, subacute, or chronic based on duration.

Stomatitis

Inflammation of the oral mucosa; can be aphthous, herpes simplex, or candidal.

Aphthous stomatitis

Common canker sores.

Leukoplakia

White patches on mucosa; usually benign but may progress to cancer; higher risk on lips/tongue.

Hairy leukoplakia

White tongue plaques often signaling HIV infection.

Oral cancer (squamous cell carcinoma)

Most common oral cancer type; linked to tobacco and alcohol use.

Oral cancer prevention

Regular dental visits for hygiene and cancer screening.

Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD)

Endoscopic examination of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum with biopsy capability.

Urea breath test

Noninvasive test for Helicobacter pylori infection.

Helicobacter pylori

Bacterial infection a major cause of gastritis and peptic ulcers.

Peptic ulcer disease (PUD)

Erosion of gastric or duodenal mucosa, often H. pylori–related; includes gastric, duodenal, and stress ulcers.

Gastritis

Inflammation of the stomach lining; acute (erosive/nonerosive) or chronic (often H. pylori or NSAID related).

Barrett esophagus

GERD-related metaplasia of the esophageal lining increasing esophageal cancer risk.

Hiatal hernia

Protrusion of part of the stomach through the diaphragmatic hiatus; sliding (Type I) or paraesophageal (Type II).

Fundoplication (Nissen)

Surgical reinforcement of the LES to treat GERD; creates a valve mechanism.

Billroth I

Gastrectomy with gastroduodenostomy (stomach connected to the duodenum).

Billroth II

Gastrectomy with gastrojejunostomy (stomach connected to the jejunum).

Dumping syndrome

Rapid gastric emptying after meals causing early and late hypoglycemia; manage with diet and meds.

Gastric outlet obstruction

Obstruction at pylorus or anastomosis causing vomiting and fullness; may require NGT or dilation.

Pyloric obstruction

Obstruction at the pyloric region leading to vomiting and epigastric distress.

Postoperative care after gastrectomy

Monitor for hemorrhage, ileus, infection; manage NGT drainage; lifelong B12 injections due to loss of intrinsic factor.

Cobalamin (B12) injections after gastrectomy

Lifelong B12 supplementation due to loss of intrinsic factor after gastrectomy.

Dumping prevention diet

Small, frequent meals; low in carbohydrates; fluids between meals to slow gastric emptying.

Gastric cancer risk factors

H. pylori, chronic atrophic gastritis, pernicious anemia, smoking, processed foods, prior gastric surgery, genetics.

Esophageal cancer types

Mostly squamous cell carcinoma or adenocarcinoma; risk factors include smoking, alcohol, Barrett esophagus.

Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)

Imaging that uses ultrasound via endoscope to assess digestive tract walls and adjacent organs.

Liver-spleen scan

Nuclear imaging test using radioactive tracer to assess liver and spleen size, shape, and function.

NPO

Nil per os; nothing by mouth before procedures.

Colonoscopy vs sigmoidoscopy

Colonoscopy examines the entire colon; sigmoidoscopy examines only the sigmoid colon and rectum.

Bowel prep

Pre-procedure cleansing of the bowel to improve visualization.

Capsule endoscopy

Pill-sized camera swallowed to image the small intestine.

Atelectasis

Closure of alveoli; reduced ventilation; may be post-op or due to obstruction.

NPO and bowel prep importance

Pre-procedure fasting and bowel cleansing reduce risk and improve diagnostic accuracy.

Gastritis acute vs chronic management

Acute: stop irritants, gastric acid blockers; Chronic: treat H. pylori, modify risk factors.

H. pylori testing methods

Biopsy during EGD, urea breath test, or stool antigen testing.

PUD complications

Bleeding, perforation, pyloric obstruction, dumping syndrome, and obstruction.

Gastric cancer diagnosis and treatment

EGD with biopsy; CT/MRI for staging; treatment may include surgery, chemotherapy, or radiation.

Post-gastrectomy nutrition

Small, frequent, high-calorie meals; B12 supplementation; manage dumping syndrome with diet.