unit 4 ap human vocab

superimposed boundaries

- boundaries that are forced upon existing cultural landscapes, country, or people by a conquering or colonizing power

relic boundaries

- no longer function as a boundary but as a reminder of once was

sovereignty challenges

- Government lacks power bc they're understaffed

redistricting

- each state has its own system, but the most important criteria is for each district to have approximately the same number of people

genocide

- the systematic extermination of an ethnic, religious, or national group

subsequent boundaries

- boundaries drawn after the development of a cultural landscape, as the result of long term processes

majority-minority districts

- packed districts in which a majority of the population is from the minority

antecedent boundaries

- boundary established before an area is well populated or a cultural landscape developed

confederation

- type of state structure allows each member to govern itself, but each member agrees to work together on issues of common concern

physical boundary

- mountains, water, etc. marking boundary

ethnic boundary

(chinatown in NY, cyprus)- division where one particular ethnicity give one sort of pace in a location; ethnic enclaves

EXclave

* a portion of a country geographically ==__**separated**__== from the main part by surrounding alien territory EX: Alaska

electoral geography

- The spatial organization of voting districts is a fundamentally geographic phenomenon, and it can have profound impact on who is represented and who is not-as well as people's notion of fairness

challenges to gerrymandering

- Equal distribution of people in each district

reapportionment

- the process by which districts are moved according to population shifts

ENclave

* country for outlying portion of a country, __**entirely surrounded**__ by the territory of another country EX: Vatican City

territorial representation

- In the senate, each major territorial unit gets 2 representatives

autonomous region

- an area of a country that has a degree of autonomy (freedom from an external authority)

checks and balances (democracy)

guarantee of civil liberties to all citizens in their daily lives and in act of political participation

linguistic boundary

- Germany and italy emerged in 19th century as states unified by language

multistate nation

- nation that transcends the border of 2 or more states

geometric boundary

(south pole with different claims)- straight line border btw one country and another

nation

homogeneous population

unitary state

- places most power in the hands of central government officials

stateless nation

- does not contain a state but is a nation

centripetal forces

* force or attitude that tends to __**UNIFY**__ people and enhance support for a state

fragmented state

- discontinuous pieces of territory

commonwealth

- an international association consisting of the UK together with states that were previously part of the British Empire, and dependencies

ethnocentrism

- evaluation of other cultures according to preconceptions originating in the standards and customs of one's own culture

federal state

- allocates strong power to units of local government within the country

perforated state

- state the completely surrounds another one

prorupted state

- state with a large projecting extension

citizen participation (democracy)

institutionalized constraints on the exercise of power by the executive

wasted vote gerrymandering

- Opposition supporters are spread across many districts but in the minority

nationalism

spirit or aspirations common to the whole of a nation

autocracy

country that is run according to the interest of the ruler rather than the people

landlocked state

lacks a direct outlet to sea bc it is completely surrounded by several other countries

independent commissions

- widely used in other countries to determine legislative boundaries

democracy

country in which citizens elect leader and can run for office

centrifugal forces

pushes people from a region ==__**APART**__==

why do conflicts over boundaries arise between states

- Resources (water, oil, arable land, etc.)

balkanization

The process by which a state breaks down through conflicts among its ethnicities Example is Balkan Peninsula

excess vote gerrymandering

- Opposition supporters are concentrated into a few districts

steps in ethnic cleansing

1) move a large amount of military equipment and personnel into a village that has no strategic value

gerrymandering

Redrawing legislative boundaries to benefit the party in power

european union (EU)

- 28 members throughout europe

organization on security and cooperation in europe (OSCE)

- 57 members- US, canada, russia, all european states, states part of soviet union

challenges establishing borders

- Uneven distribution of resources in the landscape

microstate

states with very small land areas

contiguous zone

State may enforce laws concerning pollution, taxation, customs, and immigration

balance of power

- A condition of roughly equal strength between opposing alliances

the Warsaw pact

- Agreement among communist eastern european countries (disbanded)

african union (AU)

- 54 countries in africa

boundary

- invisible line that marks the extent of a state's territory

self determination

- The concept that ethnicities have the right to govern themselves

exclusive economic zone

State has the sole right to exploit natural resources, such as fishing

geometric boundaries

- Based on human constructs, such as straight lines

nation-state

- state whose territory corresponds to that occupied by a particular ethnicity

north atlantic treaty organization (NATO)

- 16 democratic states including the US, canada plus 14 european states

balkanized

A small geographic area that could not successfully be organized into stable countries bc it was inhabited by many ethnicities with complex, long standing antagonism toward each other

ethnic cleansing

- Purposeful policy designed by one ethnic or religious group from certain geographic areas

stacked vote gerrymandering

- Distant areas of like minded voter are linked through oddly shaped boundaries

multi-ethnic state

- a state that contains more than one ethnicity

cultural boundaries

Follow the distribution of cultural features

multinational state

- state that contains more than one ethnicity with traditions of self determination and self government

elongated state

- has long, narrow shape

compact state

- state shaped like circle with capital at the central

physical boundaries

- Coincide with significant features of the natural landscape

sovereignty

- state with independence from control of its internal affairs by other states

territorial waters

A state may set laws regulating passage by ships registered in other states

law of the sea

- Signed by 165 countries

state

Area organized into a political community and ruled by an established government that has control over its internal and foreign affairs

city-state

sovereign state that comprises a town and the surrounding countryside