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Properties of glucose
Sweet
Soluble
Reducing sugar
Used in respiration
Why is glucose used in respiration?
To release energy from the Carbon-Carbon bonds
General formula of glucose
CnH2nOn
Properties of Sucrose
Sweet
Less reactive than glucose
Used in translocation
Soluble
Non reducing sugar
General formula for Sucrose
CnH2nOn
Properties of Starch
Insoluble
Unreactive
Covalent
Straight chain has alpha 1-4 glycosidic, amylose
Branched chain has alpha 1-4 glycosidic and 1-6 amylopectin
Properties of glycogen
Insoluble
Unreactive
Main chain has alpha 1-4 glycosidic bonds
Many branched alpha 1-4 and 1-6
Used for storage
How is glycogen different from starch and why is this important?
Since glycogen has a branched structure and more alpha 1-6 glycosidic bonds; it has more surface area it can be broken down easier to glucose alloy many enzymes who act on it
Properties of Cellulose
Insoluble
Unreactive
Has a structural role
Joined by BETA glucose units in a 1-4 glycosidic bond
Alternates with every other unit
Why is every other glucose of cellulose flipped?
This allows the condensation reaction to occur in a 1-4 glycosidic bond. Furthermore, it aids in stability
Properties of Proteins
Used for:
Growth
Repair
Enzymes
Structural
Transport
Hormones
Furthermore, it is a monomer is amino acids.
What are the levels of the protein structure?
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Quaternary
What is a primary structure of protein?
A sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain.
An example can be: A-B-C-D-E
What is the secondary structure of protein
This is where the primary structure folds or coils and the amino acids form hydrogen bonds to keep the shape
Two secondary protein structures
Beta pleated sheet
Helix
What is the Tertiary Structure in proteins
Primary and Secondary folds more and is held by
Hydrogen bonds
Ionic bonds
Weak Van der Waal forces
Disulphide bonds
Properties of the Quaternary Structure
More than 1 polypeptide chain
Other bonds that hold its shape include:
Hydrogen bonds
Weak Van der Waal forces
Disulphide bonds
Example of a protein with a quaternary structure
Haemoglobin
Example of Globular proteins
Haemoglobin
Example of Fibrous proteins
Collagen
Part 1:
Differences between globular and fibrous proteins
Globular proteins are soluble in water whereas fibrous proteins are not.
Globular proteins have transport and chemical roles whereas fibrous proteins are structural roles
Part 2:
Differences between globular and fibrous proteins
Globular proteins have 4 polypeptide chains whereas fibrous proteins have 3 polypeptide chains, each a helix held by hydrogen bonds.
Globular proteins will have a precise repeating sequence for its shape to be maintained whereas fibrous proteins has many glycine to allow tight padding
Part 3:
Differences between globular and fibrous proteins
Globular proteins have hydrophilic R groups that face outside allowing it to be soluble whereas fibrous proteins have staggered ends to make it stronger
Properties of Lipids
Energy storage role
Made of 3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol
Makes ester bonds
What are phospholipids made up of
Two fatty acids + phosphate group + glycerol
How does temperature affect water
At 0 degrees Celsius ice floats and insulates water below.
At 4 degrees Celsius colder water sinks, pushing up warmer water.
Between 4-10 degrees Celsius warmer water is pushed up with nutrients
Why does ice float
If an object is less dense such as ice then a fluid it will float
