Homeostasis and Cell Transport in Biology

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23 Terms

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Passive transport

Substances that pass across the cell membrane without any input of energy by the cell.

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Diffusion

The movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

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Concentration gradient

The difference in the concentration of molecules across a distance.

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Equilibrium

The concentration of molecules will be the same throughout the space the molecules occupy.

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Osmosis

The process by which water molecules diffuse across a cell membrane from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

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Hypotonic

Solutes lower outside, water moves in.

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Hypertonic

Solutes higher outside, water moves out.

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Isotonic

Solutes equal on both sides, water moves equally in and out.

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Contractile vacuole

Organelles that remove water, occurring in organisms that live in hypotonic solutions.

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Turgor pressure

The pressure water exerts against the cell wall, occurring in a hypotonic solution.

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Plasmolysis

The cell shrinks away from the cell wall in a hypertonic solution.

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Cytolysis

The bursting of cells.

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Facilitated diffusion

The transport of substances through a cell membrane along a concentration gradient with the aid of carrier proteins.

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Ion channels

A complex of protein molecules in a cell membrane that form a pore through which ions can pass.

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Active Transport

The movement of chemical substances, usually across the cell membrane, against a concentration gradient; requires cells to use energy.

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Sodium-potassium pump

A carrier protein that uses ATP to actively transport sodium ions out of a cell and potassium ions into the cell.

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Endocytosis

The process by which cells ingest external fluid, macromolecules, and large particles, including other cells.

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Vesicle

A small cavity or sac that contains materials in a eukaryotic cell.

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Pinocytosis

A type of endocytosis that involves the transport of solutes or fluids.

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Phagocytosis

A type of endocytosis that involves the movement of large particles or whole cells.

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Phagocytes

A cell that ingests and destroys foreign matter or microorganisms.

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Exocytosis

The process by which a substance is released from the cell through a vesicle that transports the substance to the cell surface and then fuses with membrane to let the substance out of the cell.

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carrier proteins

a protein that transports substances across a cell membrane