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Passive transport
Substances that pass across the cell membrane without any input of energy by the cell.
Diffusion
The movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
Concentration gradient
The difference in the concentration of molecules across a distance.
Equilibrium
The concentration of molecules will be the same throughout the space the molecules occupy.
Osmosis
The process by which water molecules diffuse across a cell membrane from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
Hypotonic
Solutes lower outside, water moves in.
Hypertonic
Solutes higher outside, water moves out.
Isotonic
Solutes equal on both sides, water moves equally in and out.
Contractile vacuole
Organelles that remove water, occurring in organisms that live in hypotonic solutions.
Turgor pressure
The pressure water exerts against the cell wall, occurring in a hypotonic solution.
Plasmolysis
The cell shrinks away from the cell wall in a hypertonic solution.
Cytolysis
The bursting of cells.
Facilitated diffusion
The transport of substances through a cell membrane along a concentration gradient with the aid of carrier proteins.
Ion channels
A complex of protein molecules in a cell membrane that form a pore through which ions can pass.
Active Transport
The movement of chemical substances, usually across the cell membrane, against a concentration gradient; requires cells to use energy.
Sodium-potassium pump
A carrier protein that uses ATP to actively transport sodium ions out of a cell and potassium ions into the cell.
Endocytosis
The process by which cells ingest external fluid, macromolecules, and large particles, including other cells.
Vesicle
A small cavity or sac that contains materials in a eukaryotic cell.
Pinocytosis
A type of endocytosis that involves the transport of solutes or fluids.
Phagocytosis
A type of endocytosis that involves the movement of large particles or whole cells.
Phagocytes
A cell that ingests and destroys foreign matter or microorganisms.
Exocytosis
The process by which a substance is released from the cell through a vesicle that transports the substance to the cell surface and then fuses with membrane to let the substance out of the cell.
carrier proteins
a protein that transports substances across a cell membrane