PLASMA PROTEINS PT.1

proteios

Protein comes from the Greek word

first rank of importance

‘proteios’ means?

liver

proteins are synthesized in?

hepatocytes

proteins are secreted by ____ into the circulation

immunoglobulins

proteins are secreted by hepatocytes into the circulation except ____ which are from plasma cells

proteins

effective blood buffers

molecular mass, tyrosine contents, specificity

proteins are very effective antigens due to their ____

primary structure

It is the linear sequence of the amino acids

primary structure

It determines the identity of protein, molecular structure, function-binding capacity, and recognition ability

secondary structure

It involves the winding of the polypeptide chain

secondary structure

It refers to specific three-dimensional conformations

tertiary structure

It is the actual three-dimensional configuration

alpha helix, beta pleated, bend form

the folding pattern of proteins

tertiary structure

It is responsible for many of the physical and chemical properties of proteins.

quaternary structure

It is the association of two or more polypeptide chains to form a functional protein molecule

albumin

it has no9 quaternary structure

hemoglobin, lactate dehydrogenase, creatine phosphokinase

give the 3 examples of quaternary structure

glucogenic amino acids

it generate precursors of glucose such as pyruvate or citric acid cycle intermediates

alanine, arginine aspartate

give the 3 examples of glucogenic amino acids

ketogenic amino acids

___ are degraded to acetyl-CoA such as leucine or lysine.

simple proteins

protein that contain peptide chains which on hydrolysis yield only amino acids.

simple proteins

proteins that may be fibrous or globar in shape

conjugated proteins

These are composed of an apoprotein and a nonprotein moiety (prosthetic group)

conjugated proteins

These proteins impart certain characteristics to the proteins.

nitrogen balance

It is a balance between anabolism (synthesis) and catabolism (breakdown).

negative nitrogen balance

It is when a protein catabolism exceeds anabolism.

negative nitrogen balance

it is characterized by excessive tissue destruction seen in burns, wasting disease, high fever, and starvation

positive nitrogen balance

It is when anabolism is greater than catabolism.

prealbumin

plasma proteins that migrates ahead of albumin.

2 days

life span of prealbumin

prealbumin

It is rich in tryptophan and contains 0.5% carbohydrate

prealbumin

It has significant B-pleated sheet conformation.

thyroxine

prealbumin served as transport protein for

prealbumin

It transports retinol/vitamin A by complexing with retinol-binding protein.

prealbumin

It is used to detect malnutrition and the individual's response to dietary supplementation.

prealbumin

It is used as a landmark to confirm thatthe specimen is really CSF

nephelometry

method for measurement for prealbumin

18-45 mg/dL

reference range of prealbumin

10-mg/dL

conversion factor of prealbumin

albumin

It is the most abundant protein in plasma

albumin

It is a general transport protein

osmotic pressure

albumin maintains ___

albumin

It is an indicator of nutritional status

albumin

It serves as circulating reservoir of amino acids.

albumin

Itis a sensitive and highly prognostic marker in cases of cystic fibrosis.

albumin

It is a "negative acute phase reactant" exhibiting decreased level in acute inflammatory processes

active nephrotic syndrome

Lowest plasma albumin levels are seen in

dye method (bromcresol green and bromcresol purple)

method for measurement of albumin

3.5-5.0g/dL

reference range of albumin

10-g/L

conversion factor of albumin

globulin

it t is a group of proteins consisting of a1, a2, B, and y fractions

globulin

Elevated concentration in early cirrhosis will balance loss of albumin, resulting in normal levels of total protein

indirect method

method for measurement globulin

globulin = total protein - albumin

formula used to measure globulin

2.3-3.5 g/dL

reference range of globulin

10-g/L

conversion factor of albumin

globulin

It is a group of proteins consisting of alpha 1, alpha 2, beta, and gamma fractions

alpha 1 antitrypsin

It is coded for by the SERPINA1 (Pi) gene on chromosome 14

alpha 1 antitrypsin

It is a major inhibitor of protease activity in plasma, preventing self-destruction of tissues

alpha 1 antitrypsin

a candidate for treatment of COVID-19 due to its antiviral and anti-inflammatory effects

alpha 1 fetoprotein

Glycoprotein that migrates between albumin and alpha 1 globulin band.

fetal yolk sac

alpha 1 fetoprotein is synthesized initially by _____

alpha 1 fetoprotein

Synthesized initially by the fetal yolk sac and then by the fetal parenchymal cells of the liver.

alpha 1 fetoprotein

Most abundant protein in fetal serum.

13 weeks

AFP peaks in the fetus at ____ of gestation

7th or 8th month

AFP is detectable in the maternal blood up to the ____ of pregnancy

maternal serum AFP

it is physiologically increased in twins

maternal serum AFP

used as a screening test for any fetal abnormal conditions; it detects neural tube defect (NTDs) and Down syndrome

alpha 1 fetoprotein

also used as a tumor marker (hepatic and gonadal cancer).

alpha 1 acid glycoprotein

Has greatest affinity for progesterone and binds drugs

quinidine, lidocaine, cardioactive drugs

alpha 1 acid glycoprotein has greatest affinity for progesterone and binds drugs, what are these drugs

alpha 1 acid glycoprotein

Useful diagnostic tool in neonates with bacterial infections

hemopexin

It binds heme released by degradation of hemoglobin

heme

hemopexin has the strongest affinity for ____

hemopexin

It helps in the diagnosis of early hemolysis

beta region

hemopexin migrates in the _____ during electrophoresis

group specific component globulin

Exhibits affinity with vitamin D and actin (Vitamin D-binding protein)

alpha 1 and alpha 2 interzone

group specific component migrates in the ____ during electrophoresis

haptoglobin

An alpha 2 glycoprotein and an acute phase reactant.

haptoglobin

Has two heavy chains and two light chains linked by disulfide bonds in analogy to the basic structure of immunoglobulins

haptoglobin

Binds free hemoglobin by its alpha chain

haptoglobin

Prevents the loss of hemoglobin and its constituent iron into the urine

haptoglobin

it evaluates the degree of intravascular hemolysis (HTR and HDN), and Rheumatic Heart Disease

haptoglobin

It is a useful measure for monitoring patients who have slow but steady rate of red cell destruction, such as by mechanical heart valves, hemoglobinopathies, or exercise-associated trauma

haptoglobin

Its plasma level is slightly decreased after blood transfusion

ceruloplasmin

A copper-binding alpha 2 glycoprotein that has enzymatic activity

6 to 8

ceruloplasmin is synthesized in the liver, where ___ atoms of copper are attached

blue

ceruloplasmin imparts ___ color to protein

ceruloplasmin

Marker for Wilson's disease

wilson’s disease

ceruloplasmin is a market of what disease

ATP7B gene and C13

wilson’s disease is a disorder caused by mutation in what gene and chromosome

wilson's disease

Has a clinical features of: Deposition of copper in skin, liver, brain, and cornea (Kayser-Fleischer rings)

alpha 2 macroglobulin

Largest major non-immunoglobulin protein in plasma

alpha 2 macroglobulin

Found in the intravascular spaces and does not diffuse from the plasma space

trypsin, pepsin, plasmin

alpha 2 macroglobulin Inhibits proteases such as ___

alpha 2 macrogobulin

Increases ten times in nephrosis; due its large size, it is not normally present in the urine.

beta 2 microglobulin

Light-chain component of the major human leukocyte antigen (HA), encoded by the B2M gene

beta 2 microglobulin

Found on the surface of most nucleated cells; present in high concentration on lymphocytes

CD8 cells

beta 2 microglobulin is an essential protein in the synthesis of ___

elevated plasma levels

the result of impaired clearance by the kidneys or over production of proteins as seen in inflammatory diseases