Studied by 60 people
Reduced Gametophytes
Pollen and ovules
Seeds
Heterospory
What are some adaptations that allow seed plants to become abundant
Gymnosperm
Naked seeds (cones)
Angiosperms
Contained seeds (flowering plants) most abundant
Sporic Meiosis/ Alteration of generations
Lifecycle of angiosperms and gymnosperms
Phylum Cycadophyta
Most endangered plant phylum
Phylum Gynkophyta
Which phylum contains one surviving species
Phylum coniferaphyta
Which plant phylum is the largest
Petal
decorative part of the flower, attracts pollinators
Sepal
Protects budding flower, tiny leaves at the bottom of the bloom
Carpel
Female part of plants, contains ovules
Stamen
Male part of plants, contains pollen
Ovule
Part of the plant that holds the seeds, inside ovary
Stigma
Sticky part of the carpel, grabs pollen
Style
Stalk portion of carpel
Ovary
Part of the flower that contains ovules, protects developing seeds
Anther
Part of stamen that contains pollen
Filament
Stalk portion of stamen
Water
Humans and animals
Defecation
Wind
Ways seeds can be dispersed
Monocot
Have one cotyledon, parallel vascular tissue in leaves
Eudicot
Have 2 cotyledon, branched vascular tissue in leaves
Xylem and Phloem
two types of plant vascular tissue
Leaves
Main photosynthetic organ of plants
Stomata
Small openings in leaves that allow for gas and water exchange`
Meristem
Area of embryotic in nature growth on a plant, allows for continued growth
Primary growth
Growth in length (apical meristem)
Secondary growth
Growth in width (vascular and cork cambium)
Apical dominance
Term used to describe how plant growth is most concentrated at the top
Meristems inhibit the growth of axillary buds
How is apical dominance controlled
Branched roots
Increased surface area
Efficient long distance transport
Adaptations that allowed for vascular plants widespread success
Photoautotrophic
Making energy from light
Phyllotaxy
Study of leaf arrangement
Alternate
Leaves alternate sides
Opposite
One leaf on each side, opposite from each other
Whorled
4 leaves on each node
Apoplast
Movement of water in plant cell walls
Symplast
Movement of water and solutes through plant cell cytosol
Transpiration
Movement of only water from root to shoot (xylem)
Translocation
Movement of water and photosynthates between roots and shoots (phloem)
Light
CO2
Guard cells
What are the 3 stimuli that trigger stomata
Nitrogen
Phosphorus
Potassium
3 main elements/minerals plants get from the soil
Nitrogen
Found in nucleic acids
Phophorus
Found in ATP and nucleic acids
Potassium
Used in enzyme cofactors
NPK ratio
Ratio of Nitrogen Phosphorus and Potassium in fertilizers
Aluminum ions build up
What happens in soil that is to acidic
Prevents root growth
What does a build up of aluminum cause
Hydroponic culture
Method used to figure out if element is essential to plant growth
CHNOPS
Carbon
Hydrogen
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Phosphorus
Sulfur
6 essential macronutrients for plants
Mycchorrizae
Intimate, mutualistic relationship between plant roots and a fungus
NO3 (nitrate) and NH4 (ammonium)
Which two nitrogen compounds can plants absorb
Nitrogen cycle
A cycle of nitrogen between the atmosphere and soil
nitrogen shifts between many forms some that are usable by plants
Nitrogen-fixing bacteria
Convert N2 (atmospheric) to NH3 (ammonia)
Ammonifying bacteria
Convert amino acids in the soil (humus) into NH4 (ammonium)
Nitrifying bacteria
Convert NH4 (ammonium) into NO2 (nitrite) to NO3 (Nitrate)
Denitrifying bacteria
Convert NO3 (nitrate) into N2 (atmospheric)
Bacteria Archaea Eukarya
3 domains of life
Cell walls
Animals do not have (blank)
Glycocalyx
The equivalent of cell walls in animals
Gametic meiosis
Life cycle of animals
zygote
syngamy of sperm and eggs (fertilization)
Cleavage
Zygotes undergo (blank) to form blastulas
Gastrulation
When one end of a blastula folds inwards and expands
Gastrula
Resulting cell of gastrulation
Endoderm
Inner embryotic tissue of a gastrula
Mesoderm
Middle embryotic tissue of a gastrula
Ectoderm
Outer embryotic tissue of a gastrula
Tripolastic (bilateral)
Only (blank) organisms have mesoderms
Larva
Sexually immature forms of animals
Pluteus
Larval form of a sea urchin
Hox genes
Genes that regulate embryonic development in body segmentation
Hox
All animals have (blank) genes in common
Radial
Sea urchins have (blank) symmetry
Bilateral
Lobsters have (blank) symmetry
Coelom
Body cavity seen in earthworms, formed by tissue from the mesoderm
Hemocoel
Body cavity that forms between the mesoderm and endoderm
Roundworms
(blank) posses hemocoels
Flatworms
Which animal lacks body cavities
Protostome
Animal that forms mouth first and anus second (arthropods)
Deuterostome
Animal that forms mouth second and anus first (humans)
Invertebrates
Most (blank) are bilateral
Lophophore
Crown of ciliated tentacles around mouth
Trochophotre
Distinctive larval stage in some lophotrochozoans
Exoskeleton
Hard covering that protects Ecdysozoan
