Exam 2 review

Reduced Gametophytes

Pollen and ovules

Seeds

Heterospory

Reduced Gametophytes

Pollen and ovules

Seeds

Heterospory

What are some adaptations that allow seed plants to become abundant

Gymnosperm

Naked seeds (cones)

Angiosperms

Contained seeds (flowering plants) most abundant

Sporic Meiosis/ Alteration of generations

Lifecycle of angiosperms and gymnosperms

Phylum Cycadophyta

Most endangered plant phylum

Phylum Gynkophyta

Which phylum contains one surviving species

Phylum coniferaphyta

Which plant phylum is the largest

Petal

decorative part of the flower, attracts pollinators

Sepal

Protects budding flower, tiny leaves at the bottom of the bloom

Carpel

Female part of plants, contains ovules

Stamen

Male part of plants, contains pollen

Ovule

Part of the plant that holds the seeds, inside ovary

Stigma

Sticky part of the carpel, grabs pollen

Style

Stalk portion of carpel

Ovary

Part of the flower that contains ovules, protects developing seeds

Anther

Part of stamen that contains pollen

Filament

Stalk portion of stamen

Water

Humans and animals

Defecation

Wind

Ways seeds can be dispersed

Monocot

Have one cotyledon, parallel vascular tissue in leaves

Eudicot

Have 2 cotyledon, branched vascular tissue in leaves

Xylem and Phloem

two types of plant vascular tissue

Leaves

Main photosynthetic organ of plants

Stomata

Small openings in leaves that allow for gas and water exchange`

Meristem

Area of embryotic in nature growth on a plant, allows for continued growth

Primary growth

Growth in length (apical meristem)

Secondary growth

Growth in width (vascular and cork cambium)

Apical dominance

Term used to describe how plant growth is most concentrated at the top

Meristems inhibit the growth of axillary buds

How is apical dominance controlled

Branched roots

Increased surface area

Efficient long distance transport

Adaptations that allowed for vascular plants widespread success

Photoautotrophic

Making energy from light

Phyllotaxy

Study of leaf arrangement

Alternate

Leaves alternate sides

Opposite

One leaf on each side, opposite from each other

Whorled

4 leaves on each node

Apoplast

Movement of water in plant cell walls

Symplast

Movement of water and solutes through plant cell cytosol

Transpiration

Movement of only water from root to shoot (xylem)

Translocation

Movement of water and photosynthates between roots and shoots (phloem)

Light

CO2

Guard cells

What are the 3 stimuli that trigger stomata

Nitrogen

Phosphorus

Potassium

3 main elements/minerals plants get from the soil

Nitrogen

Found in nucleic acids

Phophorus

Found in ATP and nucleic acids

Potassium

Used in enzyme cofactors

NPK ratio

Ratio of Nitrogen Phosphorus and Potassium in fertilizers

Aluminum ions build up

What happens in soil that is to acidic

Prevents root growth

What does a build up of aluminum cause

Hydroponic culture

Method used to figure out if element is essential to plant growth

CHNOPS

Carbon

Hydrogen

Nitrogen

Oxygen

Phosphorus

Sulfur

6 essential macronutrients for plants

Mycchorrizae

Intimate, mutualistic relationship between plant roots and a fungus

NO3 (nitrate) and NH4 (ammonium)

Which two nitrogen compounds can plants absorb

Nitrogen cycle

A cycle of nitrogen between the atmosphere and soil

nitrogen shifts between many forms some that are usable by plants

Nitrogen-fixing bacteria

Convert N2 (atmospheric) to NH3 (ammonia)

Ammonifying bacteria

Convert amino acids in the soil (humus) into NH4 (ammonium)

Nitrifying bacteria

Convert NH4 (ammonium) into NO2 (nitrite) to NO3 (Nitrate)

Denitrifying bacteria

Convert NO3 (nitrate) into N2 (atmospheric)

Bacteria Archaea Eukarya

3 domains of life

Cell walls

Animals do not have (blank)

Glycocalyx

The equivalent of cell walls in animals

Gametic meiosis

Life cycle of animals

zygote

syngamy of sperm and eggs (fertilization)

Cleavage

Zygotes undergo (blank) to form blastulas

Gastrulation

When one end of a blastula folds inwards and expands

Gastrula

Resulting cell of gastrulation

Endoderm

Inner embryotic tissue of a gastrula

Mesoderm

Middle embryotic tissue of a gastrula

Ectoderm

Outer embryotic tissue of a gastrula

Tripolastic (bilateral)

Only (blank) organisms have mesoderms

Larva

Sexually immature forms of animals

Pluteus

Larval form of a sea urchin

Hox genes

Genes that regulate embryonic development in body segmentation

Hox

All animals have (blank) genes in common

Radial

Sea urchins have (blank) symmetry

Bilateral

Lobsters have (blank) symmetry

Coelom

Body cavity seen in earthworms, formed by tissue from the mesoderm

Hemocoel

Body cavity that forms between the mesoderm and endoderm

Roundworms

(blank) posses hemocoels

Flatworms

Which animal lacks body cavities

Protostome

Animal that forms mouth first and anus second (arthropods)

Deuterostome

Animal that forms mouth second and anus first (humans)

Invertebrates

Most (blank) are bilateral

Lophophore

Crown of ciliated tentacles around mouth

Trochophotre

Distinctive larval stage in some lophotrochozoans

Exoskeleton

Hard covering that protects Ecdysozoan