part of unit review

Simple Squamous Epithelium

A single layer of flat cells that facilitates diffusion and filtration.

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

Multiple layers of flat cells that protect underlying tissues in areas subject to abrasion.

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

A single layer of cube-shaped cells, ideal for secretion and absorption.

Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium

Multiple layers of cube-shaped cells found in some glands.

Simple Columnar Epithelium

A single layer of tall, column-like cells that absorb nutrients and secrete mucus.

Stratified Columnar Epithelium

Multiple layers of column-like cells; rare, found in male urethra.

Pseudo-stratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium

Appears to have multiple layers, contains cilia; found in the respiratory tract.

Transitional Epithelium

A stratified epithelium that can stretch, found in the bladder.

Mesenchyme Connective Tissue

Embryonic connective tissue that gives rise to all other connective tissues.

Areolar Connective Tissue

Loose connective tissue that cushions organs and provides support.

Reticular Connective Tissue

Connective tissue that supports organs and lymphatic structures with a network of reticular fibers.

Adipose Connective Tissue

Specialized connective tissue that stores fat and insulates the body.

Dense Regular Connective Tissue

Connective tissue with parallel collagen fibers, found in tendons and ligaments.

Dense Irregular Connective Tissue

Connective tissue with irregularly arranged collagen fibers, providing strength in multiple directions.

Elastic Connective Tissue

Connective tissue containing a high proportion of elastic fibers, allowing for stretch and recoil.

Hyaline Cartilage Connective Tissue

The most common type of cartilage, providing support and flexibility.

Elastic Cartilage Connective Tissue

Cartilage containing elastic fibers; maintains shape while allowing flexibility.

Fibrocartilage Connective Tissue

Strong cartilage containing dense collagen fibers, found in intervertebral discs.

Bone Connective Tissue

Hard, dense connective tissue forming the skeleton.

Blood Connective Tissue

Fluid connective tissue that transports nutrients, gases, and wastes.

Skeletal Muscle Tissue

Striated muscle under voluntary control, responsible for movement.

Smooth Muscle Tissue

Involuntary muscle found in walls of hollow organs, not striated.

Cardiac Muscle Tissue

Striated muscle found only in the heart, involuntary and responsible for pumping blood.

Nervous Tissue

Tissue composed of neurons and supporting glial cells, for communication and signaling.

Neural Tissue

Tissue that makes up the brain, spinal cord, and nerves, responsible for transmitting impulses.

Carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen

element(s) that make up bulk of living matter

Water

Single most abundant material or substance in living matter

Calcium

The trace element most important for making bones hard

Reproduction, metabolism, excretion, responsiveness, growth

Function common to all cells

Squamous, cuboidal, columnar

Different cell types

Extracellular fluid

The fluid, similar to seawater, that surrounds all body cells

Epithelial cell

The flattened cells, important in protection, that fit together like tiles

Plasma membrane

Is composed of a phospholipid bilayer

Cholesterol molecules

Occur in membrane and can make membrane stiff or more fluid

Peripheral proteins

Proteins found on the outside of the membrane

Integral proteins

Proteins that pass through the membrane, these make up gates of chalets that allow material to pass through the membrane.

Carbohydrate chains

Attached to proteins on the cell membrane, these provide cellular identity.

Endocytosis, phagocytosis, Exocytosis, and solute pumping

Require ATP

Simple diffusion and osmosis diffusion

Driven by kinetic energy of the molecules and follow a concentration gradient

Filtration

Driven by hydrostatic (fluid) pressure

Solute pumping

Proceeds against. A concentration gradient (requires a carrier), transports amino acids, some sugars, and Na+ throug the plasma membrane

Exocytosis:

A means of secreting cell products ad moves water through a semipermeable membrane

Endocytosis, phagocytosis

Provides for cellular uptake of wild or large particles from the cell exterior

Simple diffusion

Moves small or lipid soluble solutes through the membrane

Desaturation

Alteration of an enzyme (or any other protein) due to an irreversible change in its conformation

Metabolic pathways

Series of enzyme controlled reactions leading to formation of a product, each new substance is the product of the previous reaction

Carbohydrate molecules form foods

Enter catabolic pathways for ATP production

Glycogen

Most cells, but LIVER and MUSCLE cells store the most

Gene

Sequence of nucleotides that contains information for making 1 protein

Genome

• Complete set of genetic information in a cell

Exome

Protein-coding portion of the genome that codes for proteins

Gene expression

Control of how proteins are produced in each cell type, in what amount, and under which circumstances

Building blocks of nucleotides

• 5-carbon sugar, deoxyribose

• A phosphate group

• A nitrogenous base (adenine, cytosine, guanine, or thymine)

RNA (ribonucleic acid)

Copies and transfers information from DNA to cytoplasm

RNA polymerase

Recognizes the correct section of DNA to copy