SHRM-CP

Attribution Theory

Understanding motivation based upon how they view the reason for their behavior and the perceived causes of events, which influences their expectations and responses.

Self-determination theory

Is a theory of motivation that emphasizes the role of intrinsic motivation and the importance of autonomy, competence, and relatedness in driving human behavior.

Trait theory

Is a psychological approach that focuses on identifying and measuring individual personality characteristics, often emphasizing the stability of traits in predicting behavior.

Contingency theory

A behavioral theory that suggests the effectiveness of leadership and organizational strategies depends on the context of the situation, including external and internal factors influencing performance.

Ledbetter v. Goodyear Tire and Rubber

was a landmark Supreme Court case regarding the issue of pay discrimination and the statute of limitations for filing claims under the Equal Pay Act. This case established that each discriminatory paycheck resets the 180-day limit for filing a claim.

NLRB v. Weingarten

was a Supreme Court case that established the rights of unionized employees to have a representative present during investigatory interviews that could lead to disciplinary action.

Lechmere v. NLRB

the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that employers may bar non-employee union organizers from private property unless the union has no other reasonable way to reach the employees.

Phillips v. Martin Marietta Corporation

Is a landmark U.S. Supreme Court case establishing that employers cannot refuse to hire women with preschool-age children if they hire men with children of the same age.

Princpled bargaining

a collaborative strategy that focuses on solving shared problems based on merit and fairness rather than rigid posturing.

Auction bargaining

High opening position lowered incrementally.

Position-based bargaining is

A negotiation style where each party takes a fixed, rigid stance on what they want and makes slow, reluctant concessions until they reach a compromise or walk away.

Integrative bargaining

A collaborative negotiation strategy where parties work together to expand the available value and achieve a mutually beneficial, "win-win" outcome.

If companies merge, what does it mean when a number of employees’ salaries are red-circled?

The employees are paid over the maximum salary range for their job, and their current salaries are frozen until that salary range increases.

Define ADDIE

• Analysis (figuring out the starting goals and audience)

• Design (planning the structure and objectives)

• Development (flesh out the design and build the final product)

• Implementation (roll out to the audience)

• Evaluation (evaluate if objectives and product and audience match well)

Shared value philosophy

A business philosophy that a company can prioritize economic growth and social and environmental problems.

What is compa-ratio and the formula?

• Compa-ratio measures how an employee’s salary compares to the midpoint of their salary range.

• Divide the employee’s salary by the midpoint of their salary range and multiply by 100 to get the percentage.

Intragroup conflict

Conflict between individuals in the same group.

Intergroup conflict

Conflict between two different groups.T

Task conflict

Disagreement about the content, goals, and execution of work.

Process conflict

Disagreement about how to get work done, how to divide the work, how to set up a timeline, etc.

In-group bias

Tendency to give benefits and preferential treatment to those who belong to the same social group as we do.

Microaggressions

Subtle, everyday comment that expresses unconscious bias towards a marginalized group; not overt discrimination.

Social comparison bias

Tendency to feel dislike, jealousy, or competitiveness towards someone you perceive as above you in status.

Stereotyping

Oversimplified and generalized beliefs about an entire group of people or group.

Define SWOT analysis

Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats

Compliance

Aligning company action and policies with the law.

Ethics

Following a set of established guidelines related to morals and ethics, even if not legally mandated.

How is a furlough different than a layoff?

A furloughed employee is viewed as being on extended leave.

What is the purpose of pay banding in a compensation structure?

Establishing a salary range for groups of jobs with similar levels of skill and responsibilities.

Comparable worth approach

A strategy that sets pay rates for different jobs based on an objective evaluation of their value to an organization rather than on traditional market forces.

Renumeration

The total compensation, including money and benefits, that an employee receives in exchange for work or services.

Kurt Lewins model for creating change

Unfreezing, moving, freezing

A company that is using a balanced scorecard to map out its strategic plan will review the company from which of the following perspectives?

Financial, business processes, customers, and organizational capacity

Reverse mentorships

A less experienced employee helps a more experienced employee.

Who developed the 7 dimensions of culture

Fons Trompenaars

Compensation philosophy

A formal statement that explains clearly how a company pays and rewards its employees.

CSR plan

Stands for “corporate social responsibility”, a strategic roadmap that determines how a company manages social, environmental, and economic impact.

BYOD plan

“Bring Your Own Device” sets the rules for employees using personal devices for work.

Indirect compensation

Non-cash benefits such as health insurance

What is recruitment cost ratio (RCR) and the formula?

RCR measures total hiring expenses compared to total first-year compensation for a newly hired employee. The formula is first adding the external costs to the internal costs and then dividing that figure by the total annual compensation and multiplied by 100 to get the percentage.

Retaliation

When management punishes an employee for engaging in a protected action like reporting discrimination, safety violations, or harassment.

Single loss expectancy

The expected monetary loss every time an asset faces a realized threat or security incident.

Who founded the low-context and hgh-context approach?

Edward T. Hall

Pay compression

Pay compression is when there is minimal or no difference between an individual’s salary and those who are more experienced than them.

FLSA regulates…

child labor.

Define functional structure, product structure, and matrix structure

• Functional structure groups employee organization by skills

• Product structures groups employee organization by product or service

• Matrix structure groups combine both types using a dual reporting system

Who receives a 1099?

An independent contractor.

Define authoritarian leadership

Top-down approach where leadership holds all the power and authority.

Define mechanistic leadership

Bureaucratic style where processes are highly rigid and standarized; routine, specific tasks outlined and required.

Define laissez-faire leadership.

“Hands-off” approach where workers get to have a high amount of autonomy and minimal direct supervision.

Define participative/democratic leadership.

A collaborative approach where all members of the team participate and share in decision-making responsibilities. Promotes open communication and collaboration.

Define median, mode, and mean

• Median - The middle number in a list of numbers.

• Mode - The most common number in a list of numbers.

• Mean - The average of all numbers in a list of numbers.

What is a PEO?

A professional employer organization handles the payroll, benefits, and other HR responsibilities for another company’s employees.

Job enlargement

Adding more tasks of a similar difficulty and skill level to an employee’s current role.

Job enrichment

Redesigning an employee’s job to add more autonomy, challenge, or responsibility.

Job rotation

Where employees move laterally between different roles, tasks, or departments for a set period of time without changing their pay or rank.

BFOQ defense

A Bona Fide Occupational Qualification (BFOQ) is a narrow legal defense where employers may require a protected trait as part of hiring or their work.

Deployment gap

When employees cannot be directed to the work locations where they can make the greatest contribution to the organization.

Time gap

A situation where it takes too long for the organization to achieve its desired results.

SMART stands for

Specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time-bound

Gross margin formula

Total COGS (cost of goods sold) subtracted from total sales divided by total sales

Net profit margin formula

Net income divided by total revenue

The three elements of McClelland’s Needs Theory is

• Achievement: The drive to achieve and accomplish

• Power: The desire to influence or control others

• Affiliation: The need to fit in and have friendly relationships with others

PESTLE analysis stands for

Political, economic, social, technological, legal

Benchmarking

Comparing jobs against those of similarly situated organizations.

Succession planning

The process an organization uses to identify the most crucial roles in the organization and establish a plan to replace the individuals in those roles.

Calibration performance management system

To use the same standards to evaluate employees across the organization.

Polycentric approach

Subsidiaries of a company retain control over how to run their operations based on local practices.

Four-fifths rule

A guideline by the Equal Employement Opportunity Commission that the selection of any given group must be 80% (four-fifths) of the selection rate of the highest represented group.

Demographic yield ratio

Measures the percentage of candidates from specific demographic groups who advance from one hiring stage to the next.

Faragher v. City of Boca Raton

Held that if a sexual harassment results in a tangible employment action (such as termination or demotion) the employer is automatically responsible.

ADEA

The Age Discrimination Act prohibits age discrimination against individuals who are 40 years of age or older.

NDAA

The National Defense Authorization Act is a series of budgets, policies, and guidelines created by the US Department of Defense.

ADA

The Americans with Disabilities Act prohibits discrimination based upon disabilities.

OWBPA

The Older Workers Benefit Protection Act established provisions that must be included in a separate agreement on individuals 40 years of age or above.

Extroversion bias

The deep-rooted cultural and organizational tendency to favor outgoing, talkative, and high-energy communication styles while undervaluing quieter, more reflective traits.

Affinity bias

The unconscious tendency to favor and gravitate toward people who share similar backgrounds, interests, appearance, or experiences.