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Components of communication : Dynamic
Over time the meaning of word can change with the actual word itself staying the same
Components of communication: Symbolic
ideas must be expressed in our own terms and in our own way
Components of communication: Transactional
it is an ongoing process that happens at the same time for all parties involved
Components of communication: Multimodal
it can use more than one medium to relay a message
Components of communication: Multifunctional
has many purposes at the same time
Axioms of communication definition
Rules and assumptions that are true about communication
What are the axioms of communication
One cannot not communicate
Every message has a content & relational dimension
Communication is contingent upon how we punctuate interactions( order of events)
Digital(exact) vs. analog( rough) communication
Symmetrical ( similar) vs. complementary( different) communication
Verbal communication denotative
common definition of the word
Verbal communication connotative
Different words but same meanings
Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
The world is perceived differently by members of different communities and this perception is transmitted and sustained by language
Language is a primary vehicle of culture
Example: Colors like the red sea is actually purple
Nonverbal cues: Chronemics
study of time
Nonverbal cues: Vocalics
Quality of voice; low or high pitch
Nonverbal cues: Proxemics
use of space
Nonverbal cues: Haptics
use of touch
Nonverbal cues: Kinesics
study of movement and gestures
Nonverbal cues: Oculesics
study of eye movement
Nonverbal cues: Olfactics
study of smell
Nonverbal cues: Artifacts
study of the stuff you have with you
Nonverbal cues: Physical appearance
what you look like
What is CMC
Computer Mediated Communication: Transmission of meaning between two or more humans via digital technologies and emphasizing the effects of mediation on human communication processes over specific technology processes.
What is not CMC
communication that doesn't involve digital devices, like face-to-face conversations, handwritten letters, or non-digital forms of communication.
Interpersonal communication
Mass communication
HMC( human machine communication) or HRI( human robot interaction)
Machines talking to each other
How has technology changed communication
Speed, distance, interpretation
Easier to spread messages to larger groups
Competing views of CMC: Displacement hypothesis
So many hours in a day and we replace time with friends and family with scrolling on our phones.
Competing views of CMC: Increase of hypothesis
The internet increases social interaction/ relationships
Competing views of CMC: Rich-get-richer hypothesis
The internet only benefit those with strong social skill or large networks
Competing views of CMC: Social compensations
The internet only benefits people who trouble with face to face interaction( social anxiety)
Competing views of CMC: Hype vs Hysteria
Individual people actions to technology
Positive perspective in response to new technology(HYPE)
the negative perspective in response to new technology(HYSTERIA)
Competing views of CMC: Utopia vs Dystopian
Society actions to technology for better/or worse
technology will change society for the better( UTOPIA)
technology will destroy society ( DYSTOPIAN)
Competing views of CMC: Invisible technology
technology that has become so common that we forget that its considered technology and we dont pay attention to it
Competing views of CMC: Digital natives vs Digital immigrants
Digital natives: Technology has always been around
Digital immigrants : Technology came around later in life
Defining Qualities of the Internet: Packet Switching
Cuts all data ( regardless of type) into packets
Labeled with origin , destination, and place within file
Each pack travels separately
Assembled at the destination( Buffering)
Defining Qualities of the Internet: Multimedia
Display multiple cues
Converge multiple different media
Add human elements to interaction ( is this always a good thing?)
Defining Qualities of the Internet: Hypertextuality
Interlinking of information/ text
Use of hyperlinks
Moving away from static text
Information chunking
Defining Qualities of the Internet: Interactivity
The extent to which source and receiver interchange roles and exhibit reciprocal influence
Defining Qualities of the Internet: Synchronicity
Real-time rather than delayed message exchange
Chat rooms
E-mailing
Online gaming
Texting
Face-to-face
Defining Qualities of the Internet: Customization
Tailor content to fit your interests , needs, goals, desires
Provides organization
Defining Qualities of the Internet: Anonymity
Extent to which a website includes personally identifiable information
Whether it can connect postings to a particular real-life individual
How much information you know about the people you interact with online
Features vs Affordances
Both seek to understand why technology produces outcomes
Affordances
Action possibilities
Emerge because of
1.some using technology
2.features of technology
3.Contextual nature of use
Relational view
Dynamic
Features
Objective properties of a technology
Tools or attributes of technology
E.g. camera on a phone
Criteria Affordances
Not a feature
Not an Outcome
Must vary
Social affordances of the internet: Accessibility
easy to access, convenient, simple to communicate with others
Social affordances of the internet: Bandwidth
convey/express emotion , receive cues about how a partner is feeling
Examples: Snapchat, FaceTime, Zoom, Facebook reactions
Social affordances of the internet: Social Presence
Makes it feel like the other person is “ there” , “with you”, or close by
Examples: Live Streaming, Facetime, Zoom, Vibrating bracelets for couples, BeReal
Social affordances of the internet: Privacy
Expect/keep personal information private
Examples: Banking apps , My eyes only, password vaults
Social affordances of the internet: Network Associations
Network members can join/interrupt an interaction, makes connects apparent/visible , allows many people to interact
Example: Linkedin, and Twitter threads
Social affordances of the internet: Personalization
focus messages on a particular person adapt/address messages to particular
Direct messages on social media
Social affordances of the internet: Persistence
keeps a record , can. Retrieve past messages , communication can last for a long time
Facebook memories, snapchat lacks this because snaps disappear, but once saved to snapchat story will appear in your memories, instagram archive
Social affordances of the internet: Editability
Edit/carefully craft messages , create and delete messages before sending , can change mistakes
Examples: texting , canvas discussion post, editing social media posts.
Social affordances of the internet: Conversation control
Can control the duration of a conversation can end a conversation, can regulate the flow of communication to others
Examples: Ghosting people on most dating apps
Social affordances of the internet: Anonymity
allows people to remain unidentifiable , can take on another identity , cant say for sure whos communicating
Reddit , 4chat, , yikyak
Social affordances of the internet: Information control
control how much info you are conveying verbally and nonverbally , avoid topics, filter out info, control how much info you receive from others
Pinterest (HIGH) find topics you like , Tiktok can filter out content , New version of yik yak choose communities, streaming on Netflix gives suggestions , Youtube recommendations
Social affordances of the internet: Synchronicity
Receiver can observe you while you're communicating, instant communication , expect the other person to respond right away
Text bubbles
Social affordances of the internet: Flow
Being in the zone” online
Fully concentrate on a limited field
Great for people with social anxiety
Video games , scrolling on tiktok, reading articles
Pascaline Calculator( Blaise Pascal)
1642
Manual calculator
Calculator that used manual gears
First working digital computer
1944: The ENIAC( U of Penn.)
Filled 1800 square feet of floor space
You have to stand inside the computer
First commercially successful computer
1951: The UNIVAC
Could buy it
Why was the internet first created
The internet was initially created for military and scientific purposes, with the primary goal of establishing a robust and decentralized communication network that could withstand disruptions, such as those caused by war or natural disasters. T
What was the first internet called / who controlled it
1969 ARPANET
Part of Department of Defense
Internet vs .wwww
Internet = many different systems/protocols
WWW or Web is one of it
Web 2.0
Increases what was possible in “Web 1.0”
Architecture of participation
Users provide data and exercise control over what’s on a Web 2.0 site
Search
Links
Authoring
Tags
Extensions
Signals
Five phases of digital eras
Internet Era ( Mid 90s)
Social Media Age ( Mid 2000s) or web 2.0
Collaborative Economy Age ( Now)
Autonomous World Age ( Testing)
Modern Wellbeing ( Emerging)
The internet of things
Interlinking of objects to the internet
For communication , Interaction , & facilitation
Technology determinism
Technology is the primary cause of major social transformations at :
Individual cognition
Social interaction
The level of institutions
Technology dictates the construction of society and the way we think
Social constructivism
Technology is subordinate to :
The way it is used
Its socio-historical and culturally specific context
What is technology designed to versus what people actually do with it
The application of technology brings about social change
Adaptive structuration theory
Faithfully or Ironically
Use how it supposed to be used or used not in way it's supposed to be
Cues filtered out perspective
Culnan & Markus ( 1987)
Social presence theory
Lack of social context cues theory
Media richness theory
All CMC is less personal than FtF
Relational info is derived from NV cues that are absent in CMC
Social presence theory
Social presence= involvement with the target of a conversation
Few cues → less social presence
Less presence= more impersonal , less warmth
Emphasizes the quality/ connection of an interaction experience
More social presences better communication
Lack of social context cues theory
NV cues in FtF establish the social context of an interaction
The absence of these cues deters impression information
Does 1 of 2 things
Without cues , people are self-focused and don't care about others hostile
Opens up a world where everyone is able to communicate openly , regardless of position in society
Media richness theory
More cues=more richness
Rich media are good for equivocal( complex) tasks
Appropriate match of the richness of a medium task= optimal effectiveness/ satisfaction
Criteria for rich medium
1. Ability to personalize messages
2. Capacity for natural language
3. Potential for immediate feedback
Multiplicity of cues
Uses and gratifications approach
Traditional theory of mass media thats re-used with CMC technology
Assumptions:
Functionalist perspective
Media choice is rational and directed to specific goals/satisfactions
People actively engage in goal-seeking behavior
People are conscious of their media-related needs
People make choices based on personal utility
Researchers should refrain from making value-judgements about media & choices
From where are gratifications developed
developed from various sources, and they are often influenced by individual preferences, needs, and societal factors.
3 broad classes
Content gratifications
Process gratifications
Social environment gratifications
Content gratifications
refer to the satisfaction or pleasure derived from the substance or subject matter of a particular media content or information.
Example: Enjoying a news article because it provides insightful and relevant information on a topic of personal interest.
Process gratifications
Pertain to the satisfaction derived from the way in which information is presented or the process of engaging with media rather than the actual content.
Example: Feeling satisfied by the interactive features of a website, such as user-friendly navigation or engaging multimedia elements.
Social gratifications
involve the satisfaction gained from social interactions and the social aspects of media consumption.
Example: Using social media platforms to connect with friends and experiencing satisfaction from the social interactions, comments, and sharing of content.
Ritualized uses of technology
High regard for media , frequent users , use media as diversion
Escaping, not paying attention, background noise
Instrumental uses of technology
Use for a specific purpose( i.e. info) develop liking for particular media , selective use
Goal driven and paying attention
Preactivity
deliberately seeks certain media to gratify specific needs
Duractvity
psychological involvement/ attentiveness people exhibit while watching
Post activity
behavior or use of a message after exposure to it
Desmassification
Individuals have more control over what they experience
Similar to customization
Example: Chinese buffet you pick what you want
Tired communication system
Some messages reach the masses
Others reach small, special interest groups
Example: Chinese buffet but everyone eats the same thing
Example gratifications
Diversion: Escape from normal problems, emotional release
Personal relationships: Establish/maintain social bonds, companionship
Personal Identity: Self-reference , reality exploration
Surveillance: Information seeking
Functional altneratives
Convenience
Easy to use
Content management
Helps you organize information
Social presence
With people through social media
Media dependence
The more we rely on a medium to fulfill our needs, the more important that medium becomes
Media use → media dependency
Reinforcing spirals model
The use of a particular media reinforces the needs and preferences that led to its use
This helps to sustain those needs and gratifications
Like a self-fulfilling prophecy of media use
Traditional identity
We each have one true, fixed, stable identity
Contemporary view on identity
Flexible , multidimensional, and social constructed sense of self
Multiple identities
People take on different identities throughout life
We find ways to represent them in the world
Protean
Changes throughout our lives , depending on our moods, plans, who we hangout with.
Enacting different roles
ideal self:
Things you wish about yourself
actual self
Who think you are
Ought self
Characteristic you think you should possess because someone else has them
Technologies of the self
People talking or writing themselves into being
Social networking profiles
Blogs
Dating sites
Identity disembodiment
Free from constraints
separation or dissociation of one's identity from their physical body, particularly in the context of interactions within digital spaces.