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Neolithic
The final stage of cultural evolution or technological development among prehistoric humans.
Paleolithic
The early phase of the Stone Age, characterized by the use of rudimentary chipped stone tools.
Egalitarian
Relating to or believing in the principle that all people are equal and deserve equal rights and opportunities.
Hierarchy/Hierarchical
A system in which members of an organization or society are ranked according to relative status or authority.
Social Stratification
The division of society into different levels or strata, often based on wealth, power, or social status.
Nomadic
Living the life of a nomad; wandering from place to place without a permanent home.
Sedentary
Characterized by or requiring a sitting posture; not migratory; settled in one place.
Hunter/Gatherer
A member of a nomadic group whose food supply depends on hunting animals and collecting plant foods.
Pastoral
Relating to the keeping or grazing of sheep or cattle; often associated with nomadic lifestyles.
Patriarchy/Patriarchal
A system of society or government in which men hold the power and women are largely excluded from it.
Domesticate/Domestication
The process of taming an animal and keeping it as a pet or on a farm.
Civilization
The stage of human social development and organization that is considered most advanced.
Irrigation
The supply of water to land or crops to help growth, typically by means of channels.
Terrace farm
A method of growing crops on the sides of hills or mountains by creating flat areas.
Urban planning
The planning and design of urban areas, including the layout of roads, buildings, and public spaces.
Fertile Crescent
A crescent-shaped region in the Middle East known for its rich soils and early agricultural development.
Hammurabi's Code
One of the oldest deciphered writings of significant length in the world, a Babylonian legal code.
Mandate of Heaven
An ancient Chinese philosophical concept that justified the rule of the Emperor of China.
Dynastic Cycle
The historical pattern of the rise, decline, and replacement of dynasties in China.
Dynasty
A line of hereditary rulers of a country.
City-state
A city that with its surrounding territory forms an independent state.
Theocracy/Theocratic
A system of government in which priests rule in the name of God or a god.
Arid
Having little or no rain; too dry or barren to support vegetation.
Cataract
A large waterfall or an area of shallow water in a river.
Cuneiform
One of the earliest systems of writing, originating in Mesopotamia.
Divine authority
The right or power to govern or make decisions based on a belief in a divine source.
Elite
A select group that is superior in terms of ability or qualities to the rest of a group.
Empire
An extensive group of states or countries under a single supreme authority.
Feudalism
A social system in medieval Europe in which people worked and fought for nobles who gave them protection and land in return.
Loess
A loosely compacted yellowish-gray deposit of windblown sediment.
Maritime
Connected with the sea, especially in relation to seaborne trade or naval matters.
Monarchy
A form of government with a monarch at the head.
Monotheistic
The belief in a single all-powerful god.
Monsoon
A seasonal prevailing wind in the region of South and Southeast Asia, bringing rain.
Mummification
The process of embalming and drying a corpse to prevent it from decaying.
Oracle bone
A bone or shell used in divination practices in ancient China.
Pharaoh
A ruler in ancient Egypt, considered a god as well as a political leader.
Polytheistic
The belief in or worship of more than one god.
Pre-ceramic period
The time before the invention of pottery.
Priest-king
A religious leader who also has political power.
Pyramid
A monumental structure with a square or triangular base and sloping sides that meet in a point at the top.
Redistributive/redistribution system
An economic system in which resources are redistributed among the population.
Subcontinent
A large, distinguishable part of a continent, often separated by geographical features.
Veneration
Great respect or reverence for someone or something.
Ziggurat
A rectangular stepped tower, sometimes surmounted by a temple.