Neolithic to Ziggurat: Key Concepts in Ancient Civilizations and Societies

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45 Terms

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Neolithic

The final stage of cultural evolution or technological development among prehistoric humans.

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Paleolithic

The early phase of the Stone Age, characterized by the use of rudimentary chipped stone tools.

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Egalitarian

Relating to or believing in the principle that all people are equal and deserve equal rights and opportunities.

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Hierarchy/Hierarchical

A system in which members of an organization or society are ranked according to relative status or authority.

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Social Stratification

The division of society into different levels or strata, often based on wealth, power, or social status.

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Nomadic

Living the life of a nomad; wandering from place to place without a permanent home.

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Sedentary

Characterized by or requiring a sitting posture; not migratory; settled in one place.

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Hunter/Gatherer

A member of a nomadic group whose food supply depends on hunting animals and collecting plant foods.

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Pastoral

Relating to the keeping or grazing of sheep or cattle; often associated with nomadic lifestyles.

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Patriarchy/Patriarchal

A system of society or government in which men hold the power and women are largely excluded from it.

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Domesticate/Domestication

The process of taming an animal and keeping it as a pet or on a farm.

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Civilization

The stage of human social development and organization that is considered most advanced.

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Irrigation

The supply of water to land or crops to help growth, typically by means of channels.

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Terrace farm

A method of growing crops on the sides of hills or mountains by creating flat areas.

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Urban planning

The planning and design of urban areas, including the layout of roads, buildings, and public spaces.

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Fertile Crescent

A crescent-shaped region in the Middle East known for its rich soils and early agricultural development.

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Hammurabi's Code

One of the oldest deciphered writings of significant length in the world, a Babylonian legal code.

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Mandate of Heaven

An ancient Chinese philosophical concept that justified the rule of the Emperor of China.

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Dynastic Cycle

The historical pattern of the rise, decline, and replacement of dynasties in China.

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Dynasty

A line of hereditary rulers of a country.

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City-state

A city that with its surrounding territory forms an independent state.

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Theocracy/Theocratic

A system of government in which priests rule in the name of God or a god.

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Arid

Having little or no rain; too dry or barren to support vegetation.

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Cataract

A large waterfall or an area of shallow water in a river.

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Cuneiform

One of the earliest systems of writing, originating in Mesopotamia.

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Divine authority

The right or power to govern or make decisions based on a belief in a divine source.

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Elite

A select group that is superior in terms of ability or qualities to the rest of a group.

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Empire

An extensive group of states or countries under a single supreme authority.

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Feudalism

A social system in medieval Europe in which people worked and fought for nobles who gave them protection and land in return.

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Loess

A loosely compacted yellowish-gray deposit of windblown sediment.

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Maritime

Connected with the sea, especially in relation to seaborne trade or naval matters.

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Monarchy

A form of government with a monarch at the head.

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Monotheistic

The belief in a single all-powerful god.

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Monsoon

A seasonal prevailing wind in the region of South and Southeast Asia, bringing rain.

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Mummification

The process of embalming and drying a corpse to prevent it from decaying.

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Oracle bone

A bone or shell used in divination practices in ancient China.

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Pharaoh

A ruler in ancient Egypt, considered a god as well as a political leader.

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Polytheistic

The belief in or worship of more than one god.

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Pre-ceramic period

The time before the invention of pottery.

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Priest-king

A religious leader who also has political power.

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Pyramid

A monumental structure with a square or triangular base and sloping sides that meet in a point at the top.

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Redistributive/redistribution system

An economic system in which resources are redistributed among the population.

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Subcontinent

A large, distinguishable part of a continent, often separated by geographical features.

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Veneration

Great respect or reverence for someone or something.

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Ziggurat

A rectangular stepped tower, sometimes surmounted by a temple.