APWH Unit 2

Mongols

Mongols

Central Asian nomadic peoples; captured Baghdad in 1258 and killed the last Abbasid caliph

Malacca

Flourishing trading city in Malaya; established a trading empire after the fall of Srivijaya

Ibn Battuta

Arab traveler throughout the Muslim world

East African trading ports

Urbanized commercial centers mixing African and Arab cultures; included Mogadishu, Mombasa, Malindi, Kilwas, Pate, and Zanzibar

Flying money

Chinese credit instrument that provided vouchers to merchants to be redeemed at the end of a venture; reduced danger of robbery; an early form of currency

Genghis (Chinggis) Khan

born in 1170s; elected supreme Mongol ruler (khagan) in 1206; began the Mongols rise to world power; died 1227

Shamanistic religion

Mongol beliefs focused on nature spirits

Batu

grandson of Chinggis Khan and ruler of Golden Horde; invaded Russian in 1236

Golden Horde

one of four regional subdivisions of the Mongol Empire after death of Chinggis Khan; conquered and ruled Russua during the 13th and 14th century

Ilkhan Khanate

One of four regional subdivisions of the Mongol empire after the death of Chinggis Khan; eventually included much of Abbasid empire

Kubilai Khan

Grandson of Chinggis Khan; conquered China; established Yuan dynasty in 1271

Ethnocentrism

Judging foreigners by the standards of one's own group; leads to problems in interpreting world history

Silk Road Trade system

Trans Saharan trade network

Dominated by Muslims in 13th century after rise of Islamic caliphates

Indian Ocean Maritime Trade

Marco Polo

Traveler/merchant from Europe who spent 17 years at court of Kublai Khan

Junks

Chinese ships, particularly from the 1400s, are often called these. It was a sturdy Chinese ship design and the largest of its kind were treasures ships that could carry a thousand tons of cargo.

Kashgar and Samarkand

major trading cities on the Silk roads

Uyghur script

Turkish script written primarily in Arabic

Pax Mongolia

Also known as the mongol peace. A time when global trade expanded due to the political stability provided by mongol rulers.

Mongol Khanates

Regions held under control of Mongol Khans following the death of Chinggis Khan including Khanates of Chagatai, Golden Horde (Russia), the Great Khan and Ilkhanate of Persia.

Technological and Scientific transfers under Mongols

Islamic medical knowledge to Europe, numbering system to Europe, adoption of Uyghur script

Gujarat

Region of western India famous for trade and manufacturing.

Swahili city-states

Waring states that were always competing for control of trade routes and each other. established by swahili., Many of these city-states were Muslim and very cosmopolitan.

Diasporic communities

merchant communities that introduced their own cultures into other areas. Examples included Arab and Persian communities, Chinese merchant communities in Southeast Asia, and Malay communities in the Indian Ocean basin

Mali

The kingdom in West Africa that followed the Kingdom of Ghana; its wealth is also based on trans-Saharan trade; this kingdom encouraged the spread of Islam.

Timbuktu

City on the Niger River in the modern country of Mali. It was founded by the Tuareg as a seasonal camp sometime after 1000. As part of the Mali empire, Timbuktu became a major major terminus of the trans-Saharan trade and a center of Islamic learning.

Camel Saddles

with the advent of these dromedary camels could now be used to transport iron technology, slaves, salt, and gold across the Sahara, and could also be used in battle. It also facilitated the spread of Arabic language systems into Northern Africa.

Camel Caravans

Used to travel across deserts. Fleets in the desert were camel caravans. Fleets usually meant groups on ships.

Spread of Religions

Trade routes were a diffusion of cultural traditions: the influence of Buddhism in East Asia, the spread of Hinduism and Buddhism into Southeast Asia, the spread of Islam into sub-Saharan Africa and Asia

Mansa Musa

Emperor of the kingdom of Mali in Africa. He made a famous pilgrimage to Mecca and established trade routes to the Middle East. Increased contact between Eurasian world and Africa

Diffusion of Science and Technology

Gunpowder and Paper from China

Environmental Consequences of Trade

As trade increased, so did the spread of crops to new areas examples include bananas in Africa from SE Asia, nice rice varieties in East Asia (Champa), spread of citrus into Mediterranean sea

Monsoon winds

The seasonal wind of the Indian Ocean and southern Asia, blowing from the southwest in summer and from the northeast in winter. (in India and nearby lands) the season during which the southwest monsoon blows, commonly marked by heavy rains; rainy season. any wind that changes directions with the seasons

Ivory

hard white material made from elephant tusks

Astrolabe

An instrument used by sailors to determine their location by observing the position of the stars and planets

Lateen Sail

Triangular sail that was developed in Indian Ocean trade that allowed a ship to sail against the wind.

Magnetic compass

an instrument containing a magnetized pointer that shows the direction of magnetic north and bearings from it.

Caravanserai

An inn with a central courtyard for travelers in the desert regions of Asia or North Africa

Yuan Dynasty

(1279-1368 CE) The dynasty with Mongol rule in China; centralized with bureaucracy but structure is different: Mongols on top->Persian bureaucrats->Chinese bureaucrats.

Khanates

Four regional Mongol kingdoms that arose following the death of Chinggis Khan.

Syncretism

a blending of beliefs and practices from different religions into one faith

Bubonic Plague

disease brought to Europe from the Mongols during the Middle Ages. It killed 1/3 of the population and helps end Feudalism. Rats, fleas.

Demographics

statistical data relating to the population and particular groups within it

Champa Rice

Quick-maturing rice that can allow two harvests in one growing season. Originally introduced into Champa from India, it was later sent to China as a tribute gift by the Champa state (as part of the tributary system.)

Sugar Cane

a plant from which sugar is made

Gunpowder

The formula, brought to China in the 400s or 500s, was first used to make fumigators to keep away insect pests and evil spirits. In later centuries it was used to make explosives and grenades and to propel cannonballs, shot, and bullets.

Afro-Eurasian Trade

The Afro-Eurasian Trade Network was a system of trade routes that stretched across land and water from China throughout the Middle East and ending in either Africa or Europe. The network ultimately was derived from the Silk Road, with most merchants traveling the harsh routes to attempt to gather precious resources from China or India who were both abundant in resources and powerful. This system opened up communication for ideas, religion, and goods, allowing the spread of religions such as Islam and allowing nobility in the west to receive goods such as silk.

Porcelain

a ceramic made of fine clay baked at very high temperatures

Silk

A valuable cloth, originally made only in China from threads spun by caterpillars called silkworms