immunology chapter 4

infection

the invasion of microorganisms in the tissue that cause cell or tissue injury which leads to an inflammatory response

normal flora

good placeholder bacteria

pathogen

bacteria that cause disease

virulence

can produce toxins or poisons that can damage tissue

wound dehiscence

poor or excessive scar formation, formed by a scar that does not have adequate strength

keloid

excessive collagen formation leading to a hard raised scar

adhesion

as normal scar tissue develops in an operative organ(heart, lung, etc.) part of the tissue can cling to the surface of other organs

lymphocytes

the body's primary defense against viruses

primary bacterial infections

when a person has been exposed to a pathogen which causes infection as the bacteria infects the healthy cells

secondary bacterial infections

occur after the onset of another disease process or condition, very common

protozoa

single celled microscopic members found in soil and live on decaying material, infected by ingesting spores or infected insect bites

helminths

any roundworms or flatworms

tests for infection

increase in leukocytes for blood tests, culture test, sensitivity test, , skin tests, specific antibody/antigen tests

specific antibody/antigen reactive tests

determine the presence of pathogens

viruses

smallest infective organism, cannot reproduce or live outside the cell, need to invade a cell to survive, mutate to survive, vaccines prevent viral infection, most common types: respiratory viral infections

fungi

microscopic plant-like organisms, a case disease known as mycosis, larger than bacteria

yeast

single-celled forms of fungi

yeast infection/candida

a superficial infection of the skin and mucous membranes, happens in individuals often with impressed immune systems

rickettsia

microscopic organisms, live in host cell, intermediate between bacteria and viruses, spread by fleas, ticks, mites, lice

chronic inflammation

lasts two weeks or longer, more macrophages and fewer neutrophils

granuloma

macrophages and fibrous deposits of collagen hardened by calcium deposits

inflammation stages

skin/mucous, inflammation, immune response

skin

non-specific, first layer of defense, physical battier, normal flora acts as a placeholder to prevent bacteria from habituating

mucous

specialized membranes that line the body cavities that trap invaders

inflammation

non specific cellular and vascular response to tissue trauma

immune reponse

antigens produce antibodies to attack and prevent against further infection

purulent exudate

loaded with dead and dying PNMs, neutrophils, tissue debris

pyogenic

pus-forming bacteria

fibrinous exudate

composed of fluid and large amounts of fibrinogen, seen in larger injuries

serous exudate

clear, serum like fluid containing small amount of protein, a lesser degree of damage, acute stage of inflammation

lesion

discontinuity or abnormality of tissue through injury or disease

abscesses

swollen area within body tissue, containg an accumulation of pus caused by bacteria, form as a part of the inflammatory response the body stops and contains the spread of bacteria to other tissues and forms the wall that accumulates pus, indicate acute inflammation

ulcer

crater-like lesion in the skin or mucous membrane, are the result of injury and subsequent inflammatory response, the tissue eventually becomes necrotic and falls off

pressure ulcer

caused by excessive pressure on tissue, known as bedsores, appear over bony parts of the body, especially those affected by the inclining positions

cellulitis

a widespread, acute, inflammatory process, commonly seen in the skin and subcutaneous tissues, general edema and redness

tissue repair

macrophages are responsible for cleaning up debris and producing growth factors

mitotic cells

continuously divide throughout life and readily replace damaged tissue, skin and mucosa of internal organs

facultative mitotic cells

do not typically divide regularly, but can be stimulated to divide if necessary, liver and kidney

non-dividing cells

never divide under any condition, central nerces, brain cells

antigen

a marker that tells your immune system if something is harmful or not, triggers the creation of antibodies

antibody

protein created after the antigen marks an invader, connects to the invader, and kills them, has a unique memory of invades, and creates a stronger attack on previously encountered pathogens

vitamin A (retinol)

It helps to make antibodies that scan pathogens and tag them (ready to be killed), Helps coordinate cell attacks, t-cells coordinate attack, Get through grass-fed butter, liver, eggs

vitamin E

Protects lipid membrane from being damaged, Powerful antioxidant. Hydrogen peroxide kills pathogens, Leafy greens, butter, nuts, egg yolks

vitamin D

Influences immune system, Curb and calm down the active immune system (i.e. chronic inflammation), Puts out fire, Get from butter, cod liver oil, sun

vitamin C

Increases resistance, Decreases the possibility of pathogens getting through defenses, Protects tissues from radical damage, Increases neutrophils which kill pathogens, Get from leafy greens, grass-fed beef

zinc

Co-factor working with enzymes, Supports the thymus which produces T-cells, Very key in surviving infections, Get from shellfish, eggs, red meat

selenium

Protects from free-radical damage, Protects against inflammation, Get from shellfish, Brazil nuts

copper

A decrease in copper leads to an increase in infections, Antioxidant, Get from shellfish, eggs, beef, seafood