Bone cells ect

Bone

A living tissue that changes throughout life, composed of cells and a calcified extracellular matrix.

Extracellular matrix (ECM)

The non-cellular component of bone that consists of organic and inorganic parts.

Organic components of bone

33% of bone ECM, consists mainly of collagen and proteoglycans.

Inorganic components of bone

67% of bone ECM, primarily hydroxyapatite and mineral salts that contribute to bone hardness.

Collagen

A flexible protein macromolecule that provides flexibility and resistance to tension in bones.

Proteoglycans

Ground substance that surrounds collagen fibers in bone, providing structural support.

Homeostasis

The process by which bone maintains a balance between bone destruction and formation.

Osteogenic cells

Stem cells in bone that can differentiate into osteoblasts.

Osteoblasts

Bone cells that produce new bone matrix.

Osteocytes

Mature bone cells that communicate within the bone and recycle proteins and minerals.

Osteoclasts

Bone cells that remove bone matrix.

Compact bone

Dense bone tissue with an osteon structure, designed for strength.

Cancellous bone

Bone tissue with a trabecular structure that is lighter and provides support.

Osteon

The basic structural unit of compact bone, consisting of lamellae surrounding a central canal.

Central canal

A channel within an osteon that contains blood vessels and nerves.

Lamellae

Cylinders of ECM that form the shape of the osteon and resist forces.

Lacunae

Spaces within bone that contain osteocytes.

Canaliculi

Microscopic channels in bone that allow nutrients to travel to osteocytes.

Marrow

Soft tissue within the cavities of cancellous bone that produces blood cells.

Trabeculae

Thin structures of bone found in cancellous bone that resist force from multiple directions.

Bone mass

The amount and density of bone tissue within the skeleton.

Osteoporosis

A condition characterized by a significant imbalance in osteoblastic and osteoclastic activity, leading to weakened bones.

Cortical bone

The outer layer of compact bone that provides strength and support.

Trabecular bone

The inner structure of cancellous bone that helps distribute weight and absorb shock.

Calcium

A mineral essential for bone health and density.

Phosphate

A mineral important for bone formation and maintenance.

Mineral salts

Inorganic components that contribute to the hardness and rigidity of bone.

Remodeling signals

Chemical messages that prompt osteoblasts to build new bone and osteoclasts to resorb old bone.

Pressure and weight bearing

Factors that influence the structural adaptations in bones.

Peak bone mass

The maximum amount of bone mass achieved, typically in a person’s 20s.

Estrogen

A hormone that plays a role in regulating bone density, particularly in females.

Lacunar system

The network of lacunae and canaliculi that facilitate communication and nutrient exchange in bone.

Mechanical stress

Forces that bones encounter due to physical activity, which can stimulate remodeling.

Calcium mobilization

The process of releasing calcium from bone into the bloodstream.

Physical activity

Exercise that stimulates bone growth and density.

Skeletal system

The framework of bones that supports and shapes the body.

Calcium deficiency

Insufficient calcium intake that can lead to weakened bones and osteoporosis.

Bone structure

The arrangement and shape of bone that contribute to its function.

Bone weight distribution

How weight is supported and transmitted through bone structures.

Bone cellular activity

The processes involving osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes in bone maintenance.

Trabecular spacing

The arrangement of trabecular bone that affects its load-bearing abilities.

Foramina

Small openings in bone that allow blood vessels and nerves to pass.

Skeletal remodeling

A continuous process of bone tissue renewal that adapts to physical stress.

Osteogenic processes

Biological mechanisms through which bone is formed and maintained.

osteon

Circumferential lamellae

Yellow

Interstitial lamellae

Purple

Osteons

Blue

Osmosis

Movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane to equalise solute concentration

Hypertonic

Higher concentration in ECM than ICM

Isotonic

Equal concentration inside and outside of cell

Hypotonic

Lower concentration in ECM than ICM

Chemical gradient

Uneven distributions of molecules

Electrical gradient

Uneven distribution of charges across the membrane

Turgid

Plant cell has a lower concentration in the ECM than ICM

Plasmolysed

Plants have a higher conc of solute in the ICM than the ECM

Flaccid

When plant cells have equal concentration of solute inside and outside the cell

What state do plant cells want to be in - turgid, flaccid, or plasmolysed

Turgid