Unit 0 flash cards

Psychodynamic perspective

how unconscious drives, Conflicts, and childhood experiences shape behavior

Behaviorism

observable behaviors and the ways they're learned through interaction with environments.

Humanistic

Emphasizes personal growth, Free Will, and self-actualization.

Cognitive

Examines internal mental processes such as thinking, memory, and problem solving

Biological

Studies of psychological bases of behavior in humans and animals

Evolutionary

how Behavior and mental process serve as adaptations for survival and reproduction.

Sociocultural

How culture, social norms, and environments influence Behavior.

Biopsychosocial

combines biological psychological and social factors to provide a comprehensive understanding of human behavior

psychology

The scientific study of mental process and behavior

confirmation bias

people look and attend for it. helps confirm what they think

hindsight bias

People believe something would happen after it occurred, even if they didn’t actually predict it

overconfidence

When someone has too much faith in their own judgment

empirical evidence

Refers to info that is obtained through observation

The scientific method

A systematic approach used to study human behavior and mental process

falsifiable

A hypothesis in psych that is a statement that’s tested and could be proven false

peer review

A process when articles are evaluated by expert before published

Replication

repeating a certain research study

reliability

How factual something is and how consistent it is

validity

Accurately measures what it intends to measure

The American psychological Association

professional organization promoting using psychological knowledge to improve human life

likert scales

Measurement, tool and surveys to find people’s attitudes, opinions, and or perception

structured interviews

a research method when predetermined questions are asked to all participants in the same order

Survey technique

to get data by self-report measures

wording effect

Slightly changing wording of two questions To connect to the participant situation better

social desirability bias

Responding in a way that is favored by others and Confirming social norms

naturalistic observation

Watching/observing real world behavior without manipulation

case study

In-depth examination of a single group, person, or phenomenon

Correlational research

Scientific method used in psychic to find the relation between variables

third variable problem

Unmeasured variable that might be interfering with the experiment

Scatter plot

A visual of relations of two variables

Correlation coefficient

Statistical measure to qualify the strength and direction of the relation of variables

no correlation

R equals zero, no relation between the variables

positive correlation

One variable tense to decrease also the other decreases as well. Variable move in the same direction

negative correlation

One variable increases while the other decreases. the variables moves in opposite direction

experimental method

A technique used to look into cause-and-effect relations between variables

independent variable

The variable changing in experiments

dependent variable

Stays constant throughout the experiments

confounding variable

a variable that wasn’t accounted for, but effects result

operational definition

Our researcher will measure in manipulate variables

experimental group

The participants exposed to the independent variable

Control group

The baseline for the data and not exposed to independent variable

Random assignment

To assign people to different groups in experiments randomly

placebo effect

When you believe you’re affected by something or believe something But it’s not real/true

experimental bias

The researchers expectation/beliefs about the outcome influences results

Single blind studies

When the participants don’t know if they’re in the control or experimental group, but the researcher does

double blind group

When the researcher and participants both don’t know what group they’re in

placebo condition

Giving a group a placebo while the other group uses the real item

sample

A set of few people from a large study

representative sample

A selected few people from a large group

Random sample

A random selection of people from large group taken to study

sample bias

When groups aren’t equally represented in the sample

statistics

A bunch of data collected in experiments

descriptive statistics

Numerical measures used to sum up and describe the characteristics of the data

inferential statistics

Data from sample to make inferences about the large population

Measure measures of central tendency

Describes the central average value of the data set

mean

The average value of the set

median

The central tendency stats and represents the middle value of the data set

mode

What value is the most repeated

range

Did displacement between lowest and highest point

normal curve or bell curve

Majority of data falls to the center

regression to the Mean

Extreme scores are closer to the average when measured again

positive skew

Most the cluster to the left side

Negative Skew

Most closer to the right side

Standard deviation

A way to measure how to spread out for a close numbers are in a group

percentile break

Indicates the percentage of scores in a distribution that are equal to or below a value

Bimodal distribution

Data distribution in which there’s two peaks on a histogram

statistical significance

The likelihood that observed data results in a research study aren’t from chance

Effects sizes

Large - Independent variable has a big impact on the deep dependent variable

small- Independent variable has a small impact on dependent variable

meta-analysis

Analysis of multiple research studies on same topic to draw conclusions

institutional review boards

Committees, responsible for reviewing research proposals to make sure they’re protecting human rights

protect participants from harm

The obligation of researchers to minimize risk for the participants

informed consent

The person gives the OK to observe and participate in the study

informed assent

Providing people with understandable info about the study

confidentiality

Researchers must protect a person‘s identity and personal info learned from the study

deception

Misleading people about the real reason of the study

confederates

People that are part of the study, but working secretly with the researcher and know the real reason

debriefing

Telling participants about the true reason Of the study right after they’re done