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GAS
A pattern of general physical responses to any serious chronic stressor.
Alarm reaction
The body's initial mobilization of resources to cope with a stressor.
Resistance
The body's apparent adaptation to the presence of a stressor.
Exhaustion
The stage where the body depletes its resources in response to a stressor.
Psychophysiological illness
Any stress-related illness, such as hypertension or headaches.
Psychoneuroimmunology
The study of how stress affects our resistance to disease.
Immune system
The system that defends your body by isolating and destroying bacteria and viruses.
Lymphocytes
White blood cells that help fight infections; includes B and T lymphocytes.
B lymphocytes
White blood cells that fight bacterial infections, formed in the bone marrow.
T lymphocytes
White blood cells that form in lymphatic tissue and fight cancer cells.
Macrophage
Big eaters that identify, pursue, and ingest harmful invaders.
Natural killer cells (NK CELLS)
Cells that attack disease cells infected by cancer or viruses.
Physiological hunger
The physical need to eat, which can persist even without stomach pangs.
Hypothalamus
The brain region responsible for regulating eating behavior.
Ghrelin
A hunger-arousing hormone secreted by an empty stomach that signals hunger to the brain.
Leptin
A protein secreted by fat cells that diminishes hunger and regulates energy balance.
Obestatin
A hormone produced that signals fullness and suppresses hunger.
PVY
Digestive tract hormone that signals 'I’m not hungry' to the brain.
Masters and Johnson's sexual response cycle
A model that outlines the four phases of sexual response: excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution.
Empirical studies
Research methods that are measurable and observable.
Non-empirical reasons for hunger
Factors affecting hunger that are not measurable, such as social pressure or emotions.
Sympathetic nervous system
The part of the autonomic nervous system that activates the body's 'fight or flight' response.
Amygdala
A brain structure involved in processing emotions, particularly fear and pleasure.
Zajonc; LeDoux two pathways
The low road for immediate fear response and high road for cognitive appraisal of emotions.
Adrenal glands
Glands that release stress hormones such as adrenaline and norepinephrine when activated by the sympathetic nervous system.
Stress
A physical and mental response to challenging or threatening situations.
Stressors
Stimuli or situations that create stress and require adaptation.
Distress
Chronic stress that can have harmful effects on individuals.
Traumatic stressor
A stressor that threatens personal or others' safety, such as a catastrophe.
Normal stress response
A sequence that includes an initial arousal, protective reaction, internal autonomic response, and possible immune system decline.
