Biology Unit 1 IHS Skavaril

Independent variable

What the experimenter changes; x axis

Dependent variable

What is measured; y axis

Controlled variable

Variable that stays the same

What are the 8 characteristics of life

• Homeostasis

• Evolution (happens to species)

• DNA

• Metabolism

• Reproduction

• Cells

• Growth

• Stimuli

Abiotic

Non-living; does not meet all 8 characteristics of life

Biotic

Living; meets all 8 characteristics of life

What is cohesion

Attraction to itself (sticks to itself)

What is adhesion

Attraction to other substances

What is a macromolecule

Macromolecules are large organic molecules found in living things

What are the 4 main types of macromolecules

• Proteins

• Lipids

• Carbohydrates

• Nucleic Acid

Elements of proteins

• Carbon

• Hydrogen

• Oxygen

• Nitrogen

Functions of proteins

Does everything in a cell

Monomers of proteins

20 amino acids

Examples of proteins

• Legumes

• Biotin

• Titin

• ATP synthases

Elements of carbohydrates

• Carbon

• Hydrogen

• Oxygen

• (CHO ratio = 1:2:1)

Functions of carbohydrates

• Energy (short term)

• Structural support for cell walls

Monomers of carbohydrates

Monosaccharides

Examples of carbohydrates

• Sugar

• Glucose

• Galactose

Elements of lipids

• Carbon

• Oxygen

• Hydrogen

Functions of lipids

• NONPOLAR

• Store energy/fat (long term)

Monomers of lipids

• Glycerol

• Fatty acids

Examples of lipids

• Butter

• Oleic acid

Elements of nucleic acids

• Carbon

• Hydrogen

• Oxygen

• Nitrogen

• Phosphorus

Functions of nucleic acids

Carries genetic info; also a characteristic of life

Monomers of nucleic acids

5 nucleotides

Examples of nucleic acids

• DNA

• RNA

What is polarity

When the molecule has one end that is positive, and another that is negative

Why is water polar

• Oxygen is negative

• Hydrogen is positive

• The positive ends of the hydrogen is attracted to the negative ends of the oxygen

What causes surface tension

Cohesion

What causes capillary action

Cohesion and adhesion

What is the purpose of science

Solving problems

What is the minimum number of controlled variables that should be included in a well-designed scientific experiment

3

In a well-designed scientific experiment, what is the value in having repeated trials

They allow for more accurate results and to reduce the impact of errors and/or statistical outliers.

How many independent variables should a properly-designed scientific experiment have?

One

What is the control group of a well-designed scientific experiment

a trial that the independent variable is NOT applied to

What are the steps of the scientific method

1. Observation

2. Question

3. Hypothesis (“If…, then…, because…”)

4. Experiment

5. Analysis

6. Conclusion

What is the scientific method

The process by which we can ask and answer questions

Which three elements are the primary components for the molecules of life

Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen

Which two things can denature enzymes

pH/acidity changes

Temperature changes

In general, how do enzymes affect the speed of chemical reactions

Enzymes make reactions happen faster

In general, how do enzymes affect the energy of chemical reactions

Enzymes decrease the activation energy of a chemical reaction

How many types of substrates will an enzyme react with

1

Enzymes are examples of what macromolecule

Protein

Structure determines function - yes or no

Yes

What body temperature is ideal for human enzymes

37 C / 98.6 F

Theory vs hypothesis

Hypothesis = backed w/ evidence. Educated guesses.

Theory = Explains how or why something exists