SC120N: Plants, People, Places Final Exam Study Guide

drying oil -

an oil that reacts with the oxygen in the air to form a thin, waterproof elastic film

nondrying oil -

an oil that remains liquid for long time periods when exposed to air

semidrying oil -

an oil that dries slowly or only at high temperatures

auxin -

a class of plant hormones that control the growth and development of plants

phototropism -

growth toward a light source

gravitropism -

growth down in response to gravity

gibberellin -

a class of plant hormones that stimulates internode development to make plants larger

cytokinin -

a class of plant hormones that stimulates cell division and differentiation of plant organs

ethylene -

a gas that controls plant development

grafting -

a form of asexual reproduction where buds or stem cuttings from the desired variety are joined to the base of another variety

scion -

the bud or stem cutting used in grafting

rootstock -

the root system used in grafting

cell wall -

encloses a plant cell

cellulose -

a complex carbohydrate that provides structural support to a plant

lignin -

a complex carbohydrate that strengthens cell walls and reduces rot

pectin -

a complex carbohydrate that binds cells together

plasma membrane -

a semipermeable barrier controlling the movement of molecules in and out of a cell

protoplast -

the nucleus and cytoplasm of a cell

osmosis -

the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from areas with more water to areas with less water

turgid -

the state of a plant cell when the central vacuole fills with water, pushing the cytoplasm against the cell walls

plasmolysis -

the state of a plant cell when water has moved out of the cell, seen as a wilting plant

cytoplasm -

composed of various organelles distributed in an inorganic matrix consisting mostly of water called the cytosol

chloroplast -

a double-membrane organelle in which photosynthesis occurs, producing glucose and oxygen from carbon dioxide and water

chlorophylls -

a class of green pigments that allows for photosynthesis

carotenes -

a class of orange pigments

xanthophylls -

a class of yellow pigments

mitochondria -

a double-membrane organelle in which cellular respiration occurs, producing energy, carbon dioxide and water from the breakdown of sugar using oxygen

vegetarian -

a diet that doesn't include any any flesh

vegan -

a diet that doesn't include any animal products

macronutrient -

a nutrient the body needs in large amount in order to supply energy and cellular building blocks

micronutrient -

a nutrient the body needs in small amounts to provide optimal cellular metabolism

nutrient -

a component of food that performs a physiological function in the body

essential nutrient -

a nutrient the body needs in order to function but can't manufacture in adequate amounts and therefore must be part of the diet

carbohydrate -

organic molecules that function in energy storage

monosaccharide -

a single sugar molecule

disaccharide -

a sugar molecule containing two monosaccharides

polysaccharide -

a molecule containing hundreds to thousands of monosaccharides

glycogen -

the short-term energy storage molecule of animals

starch -

the energy storage molecule of plants

fiber -

indigestible carbohydrates

protein -

an organic polymer composed of amino acids important to the structure and function of cells

complete protein -

a protein that contains all 20 essential amino acids

incomplete protein -

a protein that lacks an essential amino acid

lipids -

a diverse category of hydrophobic molecules

hydrophobic -

doesn't mix with water

saturated fat -

a triglyceride that contains all single bonds between the carbon atoms

unsaturated fat -

a triglyceride that has some double bonds between the carbon atoms

trans fat -

acts like saturated fats but are chemically unsaturated

vitamin -

an organic compound the body need for metabolic purposes but can't manufacture in adequate amounts

mineral -

inorganic compounds the body needs for metabolic purposes

major mineral -

the body contains >5g of each and should consume >100mg per day

trace mineral -

the body contains <5g of each and needs <20mg per day

heartwood -

the center of a trunk made up of secondary xylem and darker in color than the sapwood

sapwood -

the lighter colored wood surrounding the heartwood that provides support and transport of nutrients

pulp -

a watery suspension of cellulose-rich plant material

resins -

chemical produced by plants as protection from herbivory and decomposition

cork -

material produced by the cork cambium of trees as the epidermis of the trunk is replaced by the periderm

hyphae -

small, thread-like filaments that make up most visible fungi

chitin -

a nitrogen-containing polysaccharide that provides support to the cell wall of fungi

mycelium -

a collective mass of hyphae

parasite -

an organism that obtains nutrients from a living host, causing harm to the host

mutualistic symbiont -

an organism that obtains nutrients from a living host but provide a benefit to that host

saprobe -

an organism that obtains nutrients by breaking down non-living organic matter, a decomposer

protoplasmic toxin -

a chemical that destroys the liver and kidney cells

neurotoxin -

a chemical that negatively affects the central or autonomic nervous systems

gastrointestinal irritant -

a chemical that causes nausea, vomiting, cramps or diarrhea

We typically consume the _____ of the soybean plant.

seeds

T/F: The majority of soy is grown for human consumption.

True

Ethiopia

Coffee was originally domesticated in

seeds-

The _____ of the coffee plant is used to make coffee

Which of the following is NOT part of the coffee depulping process?

Roasting the beans

3 multiple choice options

T/F: Soybeans are commonly consumed raw

False

Purple

Anthocyanin produces this color in plants:

central vacuole-

You find tannins in the _____ of the plant cell

False, only dicots

T/F: Monocots can be grafted

T/F: Starch is a carbohydrate

True

This fat should be eliminated from your diet because it has a negative impact on cholesterol levels

Trans fats

The four steps of curing vanilla beans (in order)

Killing, Sweating, Drying, Conditioning

T/F: Vanilla gets its flavor from essential oils in the fruit

True

T/F: Soy is a complete protein source

True

_____ are the most diverse type of gymnosperm because they have the most species

Conifers

True

Hemp and marijuana come from the same species of plant

T/F: The lignin in the cells of conifers can degrade paper made from conifer pulp

True

T/F: The grapes native to North America are typically picked as table grapes

False

distillation-

Liquor has to be made through what process?

Fly agaric mushrooms produce this hallucinogenic

Ibotenic Acid

Aflotoxin

fungal poison (mycotoxin), produced by the mold Aspergillus flavus, which grows on nuts, grains and peanuts--can be toxic in high doses

Psilocybin

Causes hallucinations and is produced by Teonanacatl (Psilocybe)

Fungal Infections

Ringworm and yeast infections are both:

T/F: Mycellium can be used to produce building materials and clothing

True

T/F: Gymnosperms are seed-bearing and can produce flowers

False, they are non-flowering

What are the four groups of gynmosperms?

Gnetophytes, Ginkgo, Cycads, Conifers

T/F: The roots, stems, and seeds of cycads are good sources of starch

True, but toxins must be soaked out of the plant

True

T/F: Conifers are monoecious

monoecious

having male and female reproductive organs in the same plant or animal

secondary xylem (early and late wood)

main component of wood

T/F: Softwoods are angiosperms

False, Hardwoods are angiosperms, softwoods are conifers

T/F: Most softwood is used for lumber

True

True

T/F: Most bananas cultivars are sterile triploids

Deities associated with olives

Athena, Elaea, Aristaeus