Microbiology chapter 1-3

Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek

Introduced us to "Animacules” or microorganisms; He began making and simple microscopes.

“Father of Microbiology”

Louis Pasteur

Disproved spontaneous generation; all living things comes from other living things, discovered Patereurization

Pasteurization

heating liquids to a special temperature to kill harmful bacterial

Robert Koch

linked certain microorganisms to disease

Edward Jenner

layed the foundation for vaccination immunity

Fleming

discovered the first antibiotics; specifically penicillin

Joseph Lister

pioneered aseptic surgery

Eduard Buchner

discovered that enzymes produced by microorganisms caused fermentation a d not the bacteria itself

Genetic Engineering

manipulation of genomes to get desired functions

Bioremediation

restores damaged environments using living bacteria, fungi, and algae to detoxify

Pathogens

disease causing germs

Recombinant DNA

genes that are manipulated for practical applications (essentially cloning)

Biotechnology

use of living organisms to develop products and technologies that improve human life and the environemnent

What is the first disease revealed to be bacteria in origin?

anthrax

Microorganisms that have no nucleus are?

Prokaryotes

Which microorganisms that are single-celled eukaryotes that are are generally motile?

Protozoa

Pateur’s experiment on fermentation led to the creation of which field of microbiology?

Biochemistry

Characteristics of prokaryotes

• No nucleus

• Simple, small structure

• No organlles

Characteristics of eukaryotes

• contains nucleus

• contain organelles

• Larger

All living things are composed of cells. Viruses do not have cells but are classified as microbes. Why?

they are microscopic, can infect living organisms and need a host in order function

Glycocalyses

sticky protective outer layer found on the outside of many bacterial cells

Cell wall

Rigid structure surrouding the cell membrane

Cell membrane

thin, flexible barrier that surrounds all cells, separating the inside of the cell from the external environment

Flagella

long, whip-like appendages that help with movement

Monotrichous

“mono”= one

Amphitrichous

“amphi”= both

Lophotrichous

“Lopho”= crest

Peritrichous

“Peri” = arounds

Pili (fimbriae)

hair like structures found on the surface of many bacteria

Endospores

highly resistant, dormant structured formed by certain bacteria to survive harsh conditionsD

Diffusion

passive movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration

Facilitated diffusion

passive transport of molecules moving down their concentration gradient with the help of membrane proteins

Osmosis

passive movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from low to high solute concentration

Isotonic

a solution with the same solute concentration as another solution

Hypertonic

a solution with a higher solute concentrationH

Hypotonic

a solution with a lower solute concentration

Passve transport

the movement of substances across a cell membrane without ATP

Active transport

Movement of substances requiring ATP, against the gradientG

Group translocation

a type of active transport found in prokaryotes where substances are chemically modified as it is transported across the cell membrane

Uniport

membrane transport system that moves one specific substance in one direction

Symporters

Membrane transport proteins that move 2 different substances in the same direction at the same time

characteristics of bacteria cell wall

• peptidoglycan

  • Gram positive and Gram negative

Characteristics of Archaea cell wall

• no peptidoglycan

• contains hami (unique to archaea)

Characteristics of Gram- Positive bacteria

• thick layer of peptidoglycan

• Teichoic acids and lipoteichoic cells

• Appears purple

Gram- Negative

• thin layer of peptidogylcan

• outside layer of Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

• Appears pink

What happens to a cell when peptidoglycan is disrupted or removed

the cell will die from osmotic lysis because it will loose water very fast

Structural components of the cell membrane are responsible for selective permeable function

the phospholipid bilayer

Important functions that the cell membrane performs in bacteria

• selectively permeable

• energy production, site of cellular respiration

The result of the Gram stain is based on differences in the cell’s…?

it is based on the structure of the cell’s wall

Which structure protects bacteria from being phagocytized?

capsule

Teichoic acids are found in what type of bacteria cell wall?

Gram positive bacteria W

What bacteria cell wall is decolorized by acetone alcohol?

Gram-negative bacteria