MCB 2410 CHAP 1

True or False - Genes influence our lives

true

True or False - genes contribute to personality

true

true or false - genes are NOT fundamental to who and what we are

FALSE — genes ARE fundamental to who and what we are

true or false - genes affect our susceptibility to many diseases and disorders

true

true or false - genes are NOT important in agriculture

FALSE - genes ARE important in agriculture

true or false - genes are NOT important in biotech and medicine

FALSE - genes ARE important in biotech and medicine

true or false - genes are important in development

TRUE

coding system for genetic information is the SAME or DIFFERENT in all living organisms

SAME

all organisms are thought to have evolved from a common ancestor around _ billion years ago

a. 4 billion

b. 10 billion

c. 1 billion

d. 25 billion

a. 4 billion

What are some of the implications of all organisms having similar genetic systems?

a.that all life forms are genetically related

b.that research findings on one organism’s gene function can often be applied to other organisms

c.that genes from one organism can often exist and thrive in another organism

d.all of the above

d.all of the above

genome (3 bullets)

complete set of genetic instructions for any organism

either RNA or DNA

copied during process of replication

3 divisions of genetics

• transmission genetics

• molecular genetics

• population genetics

What is transmission genetics?

basic principle of heredity

it is how traits are passed from one generation to the next — molecular, transmission or population?

transmission

focus is on the individual organism — transmission, molecular, population?

transmission

molecular genetics

chemical nature of the gene

how genetic info is encoded, replicated and expressed; transcription, translation and replication - transmission, molecular or population?

molecular

focus in molecular genetics is the gene and its structure, organization, and function — transmission, molecular or population?

molecular

population genetics

genetic composition of populations

how genetic composition changes geographically and with the passage of time — transmission, population or molecular?

population

focus is the group of genes found in a population — molecular, transmission or population?

population

what are model genetic organisms?

organisms with characteristics that make them useful for genetic

what are the 6 organisms studied genetically?

fruit fly, bacterium, nematode, a. thaliana, mouse, bakers yeast

characteristics of model organisms

•Short generation time

•Production of numerous progeny

•The ability to carry out controlled genetic crosses

•The ability to be reared in a laboratory environment

•The availability of numerous genetic variants

•An accumulated body of knowledge about their genetic systems

how have humans used or understood genetics before modern science?

the history of genetics

pangenesis

each part of the body contains genetic info for that particular part

gemmules (specific particles) carry info from parts of body to reproductive organs that are then passed to the embryo at the moment of conception

inheritance of acquired characteristics (3 things) — the early use and understanding of genetics

• traits acquired in a person’s lifetime

• become incorporated into that persons hereditary info

• are passed on to offspring

Preformationism

inside the egg or sperm exists a fully formed miniature adult (homunculus)

simply enlarges in the course of development

all traits inherited by only 1 parent

Blending Inheritance

traits of offspring are a blend, or mixture, of parental traits

what is Gregor Mendel known for:

a. principles of heredity

b. cell theory

c. chromosomes

d. evolution

e. germ-plasm theory

f. genes located on chromosomes

a. principles of heredity

what is Schleiden and Schwann known for:

a. principles of heredity

b. cell theory

c. chromosomes

d. evolution

e. germ-plasm theory

f. genes located on chromosomes

b. cell theory

what is Flemming known for:

a. principles of heredity

b. cell theory

c. chromosomes

d. evolution

e. germ-plasm theory

f. genes located on chromosomes

c. chromosomes

what is Darwin known for:

a. principles of heredity

b. cell theory

c. chromosomes

d. evolution

e. germ-plasm theory

f. genes located on chromosomes

d. evolution

what is Weismann known for:

a. principles of heredity

b. cell theory

c. chromosomes

d. evolution

e. germ-plasm theory

f. genes located on chromosomes

e. germ-plasm theory

what is Sutton known for:

a. principles of heredity

b. cell theory

c. chromosomes

d. evolution

e. germ-plasm theory

f. genes located on chromosomes

f. genes located on chromosomes

Modern geneticists such as Thomas Hunt Morgan blended their studies with ____ genetics

mendelian genetics

Walter Sutton (1877-1916) known for…

genes located on chromosomes

Thomas Hunt Morgan (1866-1945) known for..

Discovered 1st mutant fruit fly in 1910 and used fruit flies to unravel transmission genetics

Ronald A. Fisher, John B. S. Haldane and Sewall Wright known for…

laid foundation for population genetics by integrating mendelian genetics and evolutionary theory

what theory lead to the conclusion that the nucleus contains the hereditary information?

cell theory

prokaryotes have

cell wall, capsule, flagellum, ribosomes and nucleiod

lack nucleus membrane and dont possess membrane bound organelles — prokaryotic or eukaryotic

prokaryotes

eukaryotes have…

nucleus, nuclear membrane, nucleolus, cytoplasmic membrane, cytoplasm, mitochondrion, Golgi, chloroplast, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes

more complex, possesses nucleus, has membrane organelles (chloroplasts and mitochondria) — eukaryotic or prokaryotic?

eukaryotic

animal cells

Plasma membrane, Nucleus, Centrioles, Mitochondria, Ribosomes, Chromatin, Golgi apparatus, Smooth/Rough ER

plant cells

Plasma membrane, Nucleus, Mitochondria, Ribosomes, Chromatin, Golgi apparatus, Smooth/Rough ER, Cell Wall, Chloroplast, Central Vacuole

bacterial cells

Plasma membrane, Ribosomes, Chromatin, Cell Wall

which has membrane bound organelles?

eukaryotes

what are chromosomes made of?

chromatin — they help wrap DNA around

albinism

defect in enzymes — dont produce melanin or only produce a little

freq around hapis

what are the detrimental effects of albinism?

increased skin cancer and poor eyesight

what is genetics?

study of heredity

true or false - genes affect height, weight, hair color, skin and affect our susceptibility to many diseases and disorders as well as intelligence and personality

TRUE

genetic variation

foundation of all evolutionary change

why are those 6 model genetic organisms ( fruit fly, E. coli, c. elegant, a. thaliana, s. cervisae. rat ) suitable ?

short generation time, manageable #’s in progeny, adaptability to lab, inexpensive

Which concepts surrounding genetics were found to be incorrect?

a. pangenesis

b. inheritance of acquired characteristics

c. preformationism

d. blending inheritance

e. cell theory

f. germ-plasm theory

g. mendelian inheritance

a. pangenesis

b. inheritance of acquired characteristics

c. preformationism

d. blending inheritance

THE CORRECT THEORYS ARE — CELL THEORY, GERM PLASM THEORY and MENDELIAN INHERITANCE

cell theory

all life composed of cells

cells arise only from preexisting cells

cells are fundamental unit of life

whose known as the FATHER of genetics?

MENDEL

germ plasm theory

cells in reproductive organs carry set of genetic info thats passed to egg and sperm

mendelian inheritance

traits inherited with defined principles

alleles

gene that specifies a characteristic

genotype

genetic info that an individual possesses

phenotype

trait of genotype

is genetic info in DNA and RNA

YES

are genes located on chromosomes

YES