Ch 29 Learning Objectives

Development, Pregnancy, and Heredity

29.1.1 Define the prenatal period, and describe the three shorter periods that occur during the prenatal period.

29.2.2 Define fertilization.

29.2.3 Describe the three phases of fertilization.

29.2.4 Define cleavage, and explain when it occurs.

29.2.5 Compare and contrast the structures of the zygote, morula, and blastocyst.

29.2.6 Define implantation, and explain when it occurs.

29.2.7 Explain the physiologic significance of the syncytiotrophoblast’s production of hCG.

29.2.8 Describe the development of the bilaminar germinal disc.

29.2.9 Name the three extraembryonic membranes, and summarize their functions.

29.2.10 Compare the maternal and fetal portions of the placenta.

29.2.11 Describe the main functions of the placenta, and name the hormones that promote its development.

29.3.12 Describe the process of gastrulation, and list the three primary germ layers formed.

29.3.13 Compare and contrast the processes of cephalocaudal and transverse folding of the embryo.

29.3.14 List the major structures formed from each of the primary germ layers.

29.3.15 Define organogenesis and list the weeks that organogenesis occurs.

29.3.16 Define teratogens and explain when and how teratogens may affect organogenesis.

29.4.17 Describe the major events that occur during the fetal stage of development.

29.5.18 Compare and contrast the first, second, and third trimesters of pregnancy.

29.5.19 Describe the effects of progesterone, estrogen, and other hormones on the body during pregnancy.

29.5.20 Explain the changes to the uterus during pregnancy.

29.5.21 Describe the hormones that affect mammary gland development during pregnancy.

29.5.22 Describe the effects of HPL and other hormones on the pregnant woman’s ability to utilize glucose.

29.5.23 List some common GI changes that occur during pregnancy and their causes.

29.5.24 List the cardiovascular changes that typically occur during pregnancy.

29.5.25 Explain the changes to the respiratory system during pregnancy.

29.5.26 Describe the changes to the urinary system during pregnancy.

29.6.27 Explain the physiologic processes that initiate labor.

29.6.28 Describe the signs and characteristics of false labor.

29.6.29 Explain the signs and characteristics of true labor.

29.6.30 Describe the positive feedback mechanism of true labor.

29.6.31 Explain the three stages of true labor, including the major events that occur at each stage.

29.7.32 Describe the respiratory events that occur as the newborn adjusts to life outside of the uterus.

29.7.33 Compare and contrast the fetal circulatory pattern with the newborn circulatory pattern.

29.8.34 Compare and contrast the hormonal levels in the mother prior to birth and after birth.

29.8.35 List the various ways that the body loses the excess fluids gained during pregnancy.

29.8.36 Describe the process by which lactation occurs.

29.8.37 Explain the mechanisms by which the uterus returns close to its prepregnancy size.

29.9.38 Define the following genetic terms: karyotype, homologous chromosomes, gene, locus, and allele.

29.9.39 Compare and contrast the following genetic terms: autosome versus s3x chromosome, dominant versus recessive alleles, homozygous versus heterozygous genotypes, and genotype versus phenotype.

29.9.40 Compare and contrast the main types of inheritance patterns.

29.9.41 Explain sex-linked inheritance, and describe a clinical example of this type of inheritance.

29.9.42 Explain how the environment may influence genetic expression.