Topic 4 Flashcards

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47 Terms

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Autonomy

A patient’s right to self-determination and informed choice without coercion.

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Beneficence

The ethical duty to do good and promote the patient’s welfare.

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Nonmaleficence

The obligation to avoid causing harm; expressed in the maxim “do no harm.”

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Justice

The ethical principle of fairness and equal distribution of resources or care.

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Veracity

The duty to tell the truth and foster trust in professional relationships.

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Utilitarian (Goal-Based) Model

Ethical framework judging actions by outcomes and choosing what produces the greatest good for the greatest number.

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Duty-Based (Deontological) Model

Ethical approach focused on inherent duties and respect for human dignity, regardless of consequences.

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Rights-Based Model

Ethical view asserting that basic human rights guide duties of healthcare providers.

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Ethical Dilemma

A situation in which two or more ethically correct options conflict, producing no single clear solution.

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Moral Distress

The discomfort felt when one knows the right action but is constrained from taking it.

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Moral Uncertainty

Doubt about which moral principles apply or whether a problem is even ethical.

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Critical Thinking

Purposeful, analytical reasoning that uses specific cognitive skills to make clinical decisions.

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Clinical Judgment

Integration of research, expertise, and patient preferences to decide and act in care.

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Recognizing Cues

First step in clinical judgment: noticing relevant clinical data.

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Analyzing Cues

Interpreting gathered information to identify relationships and significance.

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Values Clarification

Process of identifying, examining, and prioritizing one’s own and the patient’s beliefs.

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Cognitive Dissonance

Mental discomfort from holding conflicting values or information simultaneously.

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Advance Directive

Legal document expressing a person’s healthcare wishes if decision-making capacity is lost.

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Living Will

Type of advance directive specifying treatments an individual wants or refuses at end of life.

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Healthcare Power of Attorney

Designation of a surrogate to make medical decisions when the patient cannot.

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Patient Self-Determination Act (PSDA)

1991 U.S. law requiring facilities to inform patients of rights to advance directives.

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Informed Consent

Voluntary, competent permission for treatment given after sufficient risk–benefit explanation.

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Confidentiality

Legal and ethical duty to protect private patient information acquired during care.

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HIPAA

1996 U.S. federal act setting national standards for privacy and security of health information.

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Social Media Guidelines for Nurses

ANA/NCSBN principles that prohibit posting identifiable patient data and stress professional boundaries online.

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Ethics Committee

Multidisciplinary group that offers consultation and support in complex moral cases.

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Professional Values

Core standards such as human dignity, integrity, autonomy, altruism, and social justice adopted by nurses.

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ICN Code of Ethics for Nurses

International ethical framework outlining nurses’ responsibilities to people, practice, co-workers, and the profession.

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ANA Code of Ethics

Authoritative statement of nursing’s ethical obligations and professional ideals in the United States.

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Early Action Ethics Protocol

Structured ICU approach to identify ethical concerns early, promote family conferences, and increase palliative consultations.

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Moral Courage

The willingness to speak up and act ethically despite fear of negative consequences.

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CODE Model

Lachman’s moral courage steps: Courage, Obligation to honor, Danger management, Expression & action.

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SBAR

Structured communication tool: Situation, Background, Assessment, Recommendation.

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CUS Method

Assertive communication strategy: state Concern, express why Uncomfortable, identify the Safety issue.

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Distributive Justice

Fair allocation of scarce healthcare resources among patients or populations.

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Unnecessary Treatment

Interventions lacking clear benefit that may waste resources or risk patient harm.

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Social Worth

Controversial justice concept weighing a person’s societal value when allocating limited resources.

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Critical Thinking Step 1 – Clarify Concepts

Determine if a problem exists and identify assumptions before acting.

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Critical Thinking Step 5 – Identify Significant Problem

Analyze data, infer possible diagnoses, and prioritize issues needing intervention.

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P.A.R. Model

Decision-making cycle: Process information, Act using clinical knowledge, Reflect on outcomes.

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Risk Management

Systematic efforts to identify and eliminate potential safety hazards in healthcare settings.

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Occurrence Policy

Liability insurance covering any incident that happened while the policy was in force, regardless of claim date.

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Claims-Made Policy

Insurance covering incidents only if both the event and the claim occur during the policy period (or reporting tail).

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Early Action Family Conference

Meeting held soon after ICU admission to discuss goals of care and address ethical concerns.

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Professional Boundary

Limits separating professional nursing behaviors from personal involvement with patients.

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Evidence-Based Practice (EBP)

Integration of best research evidence, clinical expertise, and patient values in care decisions.

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Clinical Simulation

Educational strategy using realistic scenarios to practice critical thinking and ethical decision-making.