Psychology 2

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nervous system

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nervous system

The body’s electrochemical communication circuitry

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characteristics of nervous system

-cells connect with 10000 other nerve cells -cells work together to react to a situation

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brain plasticity

allows the us to react to new situations

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afferent nerves (sensory nerves)

Nerves that send information about the external environment to the brain and spinal cord via sensory receptors

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efferent nerves (motor nerves)

Nerves that send information out of the brain and spinal cords to other part of the body

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How does afferent and efferent nerves work together?

Neural networks in the brain process the information brought by the afferent nerves, then send messages back to the parts of the body via the efferent nerves

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Nervous system division

central nervous system peripheral nervous system

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central nervous system

the brain and spinal cord. Includes 99 percent of all nerves cells

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peripheral nervous system

Nerves that connect the CNS to the rest of the body

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Parts of peripheral nervous system

Somatic Nervous System and Autonomic Nervous System

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Somatic Nervous System

Sensory nerves send message to the CNS, then motor nerves tells muscles what to do

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automatic nervous system

Takes messages to and from internal organs to do unconscious things (breathing, heart rate, digestions, etc.)

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Parts of automatic system

Sympathetic Nervous System - mobilizes your body for action when stressed Parasympathetic Nervous System - Calms your body when stressed

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Flight or Fight responses

our natural response to stress

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Acute stress

stress related to a particular event or moment in time, and will go away when the moment is over

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Chronic Stress

stress that consistently wears at you and doesn’t ever seem to go away

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Neurons

Nerve cells that handle information and process it for a responds

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Glial Cells

Nerve cells that support the neurons with nutrients and non-processing support

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Parts of a neuron

Cell body, Dendrites, Axons, Myelin sheath

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Cell Body

Cell body - contains the nucleus, which power the cell

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Dendrites

Receive information from other neurons via axons and sends the information to the cell body

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Axons

Axons - send information away from the cell body to other neurons and dendrites

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Myelin sheath

A layer of fat surrounding axons, the insulated axons move information more quickly and efficiently

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Neural Impulses

Information is sent via neurons by neural impulses This is positive (sodium and potassium) and negative (chlorine) ions carrying information via tiny electrical impulses

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communication

Neurons communicate via electrochemical transmission. The neural impulses is the electro side of things (another component is chemical)

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Synapses and gaps

Synapses - tiny gaps between neurons

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Terminal Button

the end of an axons where impulses are converted into chemical signals to go to the synaptic gaps

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Synaptic vesicles (sacs)

hold neurotransmitter that send chemicals ver the gap to the next neuron

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Brain

1.)Hindbrain 2.) midbrain 3.)forebrain

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Hindbrain

most simplistic, evolved from the brain stem

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Brain Stem

controls breathing and other necessary functions for survival (medulla oblongata)

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Pons

controls sleep and arousal

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cerebellum

controls motor coordination and movement

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Midbrain

locates at the top of brain stem, mostly sends information from ears and eyes to rest of brain

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reticular formation

deals with walking sleeping and reactions to noises

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Forebrain

largest part of the brain

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Limbic System

Important in memory and emotion, although they do not originate in the limbic system (most basic part of the forebrain)

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3 parts of the limbic system

Amygdala, hippocampus, thalamus

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amygdala

works to identify appropriate food, mates and social rivals Important to fear and rage

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Hippocampus

helps process memories in the cerebral cortex

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Thalamus

located at the top of the brain stem, relays information to the appropriate spots in the cerebral cortex

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Basal Ganglia

neurons that coordinate communication between the cerebellum and cerebral cortex for voluntary movements

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hypothalamus

monitors pleasurable activities, stress, rewards, integral in the endocrine system and monitoring blood condition

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Cerebral Cortex

divided into 2 hemispheres with 4 lobes each

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Occipital Lobe

Lobe that deals with visual stimuli, located in the back of the brain, Processes color, shape, size, and motion

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Temporal Lobe

Located in front of the occipital lobe, just above the ears. Involved in hearing, language processing, and memory Connect to limbic system and long term memory storage

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Frontal Lobe

Located behind the forehead, involved in personality, intelligent and control of voluntary muscles

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Prefrontal cortex

which is involved in planning, reasoning, and self control More intelligent have bigger ones but all have frontal lobe

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Parietal lobes

Located at the top and rear of the head, involved in spatial location, attention, and motor control

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Somatosensory Cortex

processes body sensations and is next to the parietal lobes. Input from body

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Motor Cortex

Processes information formation about voluntary movements, like the frontal lobes, which are next to. Output to body

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Endocrine System

A series of glands that regulates some organs by releasing chemicals into the bloodstream

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Parts of endocrine system

Consist of the pituitary gland, pineal gland, adrenal gland, pancreas, thyroid and parathyroid gland, and ovaries or testes Works in conjunction with the autonomic nervous system to produce rage and fear

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pituitary glands

Located in the brain controls growth and regulates other glands

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Adrenal Gland

Located at the top of each kidney, regulates mood, energy levels and dealing with stress Secretes epinephrine (adrenalin) and norepinephrine to quickly deal with stress and emergencies

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pancreas

Locates under the stomach, releases both digestive and endocrine chemicals Produces insulin to manage glucose levels, which relate to energy and metabolism

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pineal gland

Pineal - Located near the thalamus, releases melatonin to regulate sleep

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Ovaries and Testes

Sex related endocrine glands that produce hormones involved in sexual development and reproduction

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Brain Lesioning

Permanent disruption of brain tissue which can be removed and studied

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EEU

Measures brain wave activity to assess possible brain damage or abnormal brain electrical surges/activity. Used for sleep studies

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Single Unit Recording

Using a probe (microelectrode) into the brain to analyze a single neuron in the brain

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x-ray

Static 2D images

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CAT/CT Scan

static 3D image from Xray

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PET Scan

Uses dyed glucose to see usage in brain in live time

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MRI Scan

Static 3D Image using magnetic force

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fMRI Scan

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging - creating a live time image of the brain in action

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TMS

Using magnetic pulses to temporarily disrupt brain activity in a part of the brain

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Collateral Sprouting

Adjacent nerves grow new axons to make new connections

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Substitution of Function

A different region of the brain takes over the damaged region

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Neurogenesis

New neurons are created

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Brain Implants

adding brain tissue (usually the fetal stage of development) these neurons are more likely to grow and make new connections can also be done with stem cells from blastocyst embryonic stage (after conception) stem calls might also be used to regrow other neurons

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How much chromosome do we have?

23 pairs (46 chromosome in total) one in each pair from each parent

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DNA

molecules that carry genetic information

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Genes

short parts of chromosome that are made up of DNA

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Dominant and Recessive

some gene pair have a dominant and recessive component (ex: eye color, hair color)

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Polygenic Inheritance

Personality and intelligence might also have dominant and recessive, but spread over gene pairs

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Gene Therapy

Process of analyzing specific genes and turning them "off" and "on" Can help prevent hereditary diseases, both physical and mental

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genotype

your genetic make up

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phenotype

your observable characteristics

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