Sociology 5-14

Deviance

• Violating social norms.

• the deviance varies by situation, place, and time.

• certain behaviours can be more acceptable then another

• can be explained by social enviroments and biological/psychological views

Crime

violating formal laws

Social control

How society sanctions norm violatoins in informal and formal controls

Emile Durkhiem on deviance

• Deviance is normal and inevitable

• deviance clarifues norms and strengthen social bonds

• promtes positive social changes

Social ecology

Neighborhood conditions are linked to crime, the worse off a neighborhood is the more crime is likely

Strain theory by Robert Merton

Suggests deviance is a response to cultural goals and means.

• Conformists: Conform to society goals

• Rebelists: Rebeal against society goals

• Retreatests: Those who abandon societies goals (Homeless)

• Innovate: Those who rewrite, or find new ways to reach the goal

Dark Traid of psychology

• Narcissism: Love themself too much

• Machiavellism: Manipulative behaviour

• Psychopathy: lack of sympthy/empathy

Closely related to crime rates

subcultural theories

Stress promotes deliquency

Social contract theory

The bonds to society as a preventers of deviance. supported by Travis Hirschi

Conflict theory on deviance

See's law and crimes as tools to maintain dominance

Feminist approach on deviance

Emphasizes the gender inequality and violence against women. Historally speaking men have gotten away with this inequality

Differential association theory

deviance is a learned behaviour

Labeling theory

Those labeled as deviant are more likely to be comit deviant acts

implications for crime reduction

• mixing the different theories

• strengthing social bonds

• improving neighborhood

• addressing inequalities and reforming the legal processes

Crime in the USA

• most crime isn't reported

• The USA has cracked down and greatly increased arrest and incaration rates

• Called the ‘get tough approach'

• Crime becomes a central point in political and media focus. which is rarely a concern and is a fear tactic

incaration in the USA

• It costs the american citizens lots to arrest and incarcerate people.

• Very minimal changes in crime detterne despite increase in incaration rates

• Its worse in poorer neighborhoods

Advocacy and reform efforts

• many groups have formed to find a better alternative to crime

• looks to racial disparaties, women in justice system, and drug policy reformations

Social stratification

The hierarchical arrangment of individual in society based on wealth, power, and prestige. (can be other measures like money or information)

Meritocracy

a system based on achievement instead of the ascribed status

• Canada follows this system but is still limited

  • Young white men have it easier than women or POC

Gini Coefficent

Measure the inequalities in countries

• 0 no inequalities

• 1 absolute inequalities

• No country is a 0 or a 1

Note that you should know what effects this coefficent

Class

A social ranking based on an econimic position in society. People are born into it (ascribed status) but can move within the system (Achieved status)

Human trafficking

Is slavery. the transportation of people to other countiries for forced labour or sexual exploitation

Caste system

Division of labour where there is no way out of your ascribed status

Clan system

individuals connected through large networks of relatives, making lifelong alligences, and sharing common status

Davis Moore Hypothesis

• societies require many different roles to be filled

• those positions vary in importance and how much education/training

  • based on that importance there are different rewards for the role

• fails to acknowledge gender and racial inequalities

Conflict theory in social stratifacation

asks who benifits in social systems and why their are gaps between the rich and the poor and what maintains it

Karl Marx and conflict theory

• focused on the inequalities of capitalism

• The working class (proletariat) for the bourgeosie to produce capital

False consciousness

The proletariat believing they can be apart of teh bourgeosie

Max weber and conflict theory

• he focused on wealth and status

  • someone with money and important position has lots of power

  • status does NOT equal power

• Power has three levers in order to force your will by force.

  • culture

  • money

  • politics

• some levers can be used to obtain others

Symbolic interactionalism in social stratification

how class distintion are maintained in social interactoins

Conspicious consumption

purchasing expensive things to show off your wealth

Feminism theory in social stratification

to understand inqualitly we need to look into the discrimination within feminism

• class, race, ability is all intersectional

the elites in NA

• the super rich

• coperate power is exchanged between few hands

• elites share a social network through shared exprineces (private school and exclusive clubs

Middle class

• professionals or managers with post secondary

• they have finacial security

• economuic growth is smaller

• slowly but surely dissapearing

The poor

Two aspects

• Absolute poverty

  • lack basic necessities

  • life-threatening

• Relative poverty

  • Inadequate resources compared to teh standard of living

Low income cut-off (LICO)

• Looks at how much family income is on necessities

• Those who spend more then average fall into LICO

Market basket measure

the income needed to maintain the household needs. both in subsitence needs like food and shelter but community norms like clothes

Groups in poverty

• the poorest women are single mothers(fall into LICO) and unattached seniors(Don't have enough in pension compared to men)

• unattached singles- difficult to sustain in Canada on a single income

• Indigenous people have the lowest income, especially women.

• immagrants and minorities are at greatest risk for unemplyment and large gaps in income and wages because of racism

• people with disabilities live on low income and as adults have it much tougher

The two understandings of poverty. blaming the victim vs system

The victim

• is based on classism, holding the person responsible for the bad situation while ignoring the system

The system

• it has systemic discrimination, influenced by laws, policies and other factors to keep the poor poor

Ethnic group

People with a common culture, language, religion, and national origin often feel culturally and socially united

Race

is shared similar physical characteristics and apperance. Can look similar but be different ethnicities and vice versa

Minority group

Groups with limited economc power in a society

Visible minority in Canada

Canadians who aren't white nor indigenous.

• BIPOC is becoming the term

Prejudice

A negative and hostile social attidtude toward members of another group

Stereotype

exaggerated generalizations about a group and encompass everyone

The exception fallacy

Once we are aware of a stereotype we see it everywhere. either positive or negative and justifies the prejudice

Discrimination

actions agaisnt a person/group because of their group. Its weaponized prejudice seen in job and pay discrimination, and denials of promotion

racism

Prejudice and discrimination by a person/groupp in power.

Systematic racism

prejudice and discrimination by institutions

White privilege

Benefits for white people in a unequal socities. Usually invisible to those who gain it

Othering

classifying people as ‘not one of us’. justifying poor treatment and white privelaged

Functionaism in races

• expected for ethnic differences to dissapear in a society and become symbolic

• racism is dysfunctional

the 4 dysfuntionns of racism

• discrimination means societal resources aren't being maximized

• racism increases poverty and crime

• too much money is spent trying to stop inclusion

• These prejudice and discriminatory behaviours negatively impact national relations

Contact theory

A symbolic interactional theory on:

• the interactions between races and ethnicities result in lower beliefs in prejudice and racism

Exploitation theory

A conflict theory that:

• Racism keeps minority worse off and is taken advantage of for cheap labour. but shifts racism to a class issue which is bad

Indigenous groups within Race

• FN, metis, and inuit are all different groups in different spaces and cultures

• indigenous status in 1876 was determined by government, and withheld certain rights. The indian act was used to control the idigenous people

• They are more likely to be in poverty, die earlier die of heart diseases, strokes, and diabetes. Less likely to live as long as whites, and obtain post-secondary education. disproportionate suicide rates, and criminal justice system

• The indigenous people have fought back through

  • red river rebellion: Loiue Riel stopped land surveryors from taking indigenous land

  • The Oka Crisis: Golf course owners wanted to expand onto a native graveyard and resultled in a show down

Charter groups

ethnically british or french and are the dominant group. they set the rules in institutions in colonial Canada and mistreated the Indigenous people. They still have dominant influence and the largest ethnic group

Patterns in intergroup relations

• genocide: Extermination of a group of people

• Expulsion: forced removal and relocation of people in an area

• segregation: Physical seperatoin of people in day to day life

• Assimilation: Forcing groups to assume traits of the dominate group

• Pluralism: Minorities continue their practices and ideitiies while dominate culture is kept

• Multiculturalism: a form of pluralism in politcal oreatation to keep sepeatre ethnticites for respect

binary

two mutually exclusive and opposite groups. male and female

• this definition negates the complexity of chromosomal configuration

Hegemonic masculinity

• Cultural values for males, in Canada it involces strength, agression, and assertativeness

Emphasized feminity

Cultural values in femininity. In Canada its nurturance and supportiveness

intersex

people who are not easily catergorized as XY or XX. Having more or less chromosomes. choosing gender should be up to the kid rather then the parent

Transgender

People who do not cetergorize themself with the assigned gender. some Trans people have alterations, others not

Two spirited

An indigenous term for those whose sexual, gender, or spirtual indentity is both masc and femme

Toxic masculinity

Occurs when men are socialized to be agresssive and non-emotion. They don't form close relationships and cannot express emotions which harms everyone

Functionalism and gender

• Gender differences are natural and create cohesiveness in society, does not acknowledge inequalities

• Men play the INSTRUMENTAL role- providing financial stability

• Women play the EXPRESSIVE ROLE- raising kids and emotional support

Symbolic interactionism in gender

We learn and embody gender from families, friends, school, and media. Doing it enforces gender for us and the others around us.

Conflict theory in Gender

• focuses on the class system and the product of property.

• the IR forced women back into the home

• Gender inequalities are linked to private property system and if we eliminate capitalism it goes away

Feminism is gender

• gender roles are a social construct

• gender and sexuality are linked through culturals constructing it

Matrix of domination

race, ethnicity, and disability intersect with gender and those with multiple sources of inequality know it a lot more than others

Sex

Biological differences between males and females at conception

Gender

Social and cultural differences assigned by society based on sex

Gender roles

Societies expectations for behaviours/attitudes for males and females

Pimary sex characteristics

genitalia present at birth

Secondary sex characteristics

changes during puberty because of hormones

Gender as a social construction

gender is shaped by cultural norms rather then biology. one’s identity is a belief about male and female

Feminity and masculinity: sets of traits culturally assigned and are often stereotyped

Sexual orientation

preference for sexual relationships. Hetero, homo, bi, trans, ETC. Shaped by biological and cultural factors

Biologicala takes on gender roles

While highly flawed due to cultural variation and social change. Men evolved as hunters and were more agressive while women were nutures and remained kind.

Hormones

Testerone is thought to increase agression from males, their is correlations but no causation, however could be pinned to socialization

5 socialization agents in gender

familly: early treatment shapes gender identity

Peers: reinforce gender roles in play and interaction

SchoolsL teachers/curriculum push gender expectations

Mass media: Potray gender strereotypes

Religion: expectation of traditonal gender roles

The triple burden

women of color face gender, race, social class challenges. They have the higest poverty rates and disparities

Households in the second shift

women have 2-3 times more work. not only a job but taking care of the househol and elderly

male privilege

Males have many advanatages they aren't always aware of

Male challenges

• most men feel pressured to fit masculine traits

• Higher levels of emotional disorders and higher suicide

• more expected to commit crimes due to toxicity

• misses key parenting moments

Gender equaulity efforts

• raise awareness

• challenge stereotypes

• enforce laws agasint gender inequality and violence

Politics

the distrubution and excersie of power in a society

Polity

institutions exceresizing power

Power

The ability to impose will despite resistence

• politics

• culture

• economics

legitimate authority

power accepted as fair by those governed

Traditoinal authority

coined by Max Weber. Authority from the customs and inherited status.

Rooted in long standing traditions, inherited/divinely ordained regardless of qualifications. Seen in preindurtisal and monarch socities

Rational-legal authority

Coined by Max Weber, authority based on laws and formal rules

Based on laws, rules, offical positions and in offices rather then individuals. Democracies with election and constitutions to ensure a safe transfer of power

Charismatic authority

Coined by Max Weber. Authority based on individuals extraordinery charateristics

Authority from personal qualities and emotional appeal to inspire devotion and obedience, yet is less stable and ends with leaders death

State

Political unit where the power resides

Democracy

• Rules the citizens directly or representitive (larger for size)

• through voting its decided

• offers politcal rights but still has inequalities and limitations

Monarchy

• Power in the ruling family and is passed down as a traditional authority

• Later becomes constitutional and is more symbolic

Authoritarianism

non-elected rules with arbitrary power by limiting political participation and repress dissent

Totalitarianism

extremem repression through controlling EVERYTHING, the government relies on fear rather then legitimacy

Pluralist theory

Power is distrubuted among competing groups and the government monitors it to ensure its fair. competition makes conflict and drive for group goals/societal benifits

Pluralist vs elitist theories

• pluralist assumes equality and goverment neutrality

• Elitists oversimplifies unity among the elite and government automony

• both are incomplete

• government works against the elite at times