DDDS 601 Biological Foundations of Dentistry - Peripheral Blood and Hemopoiesis

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering blood components, cell morphology, laboratory values, and the process of hemopoiesis as described in the lecture.

Blood Plasma percentage

Liquid component of whole blood accounting for approximately $55\%$ of its volume.

Blood Protein classification and percentages

Consists of Albumins ($54\%$), Globulins ($38\%$), and Fibrinogen ($7\%$).

Hematocrit

The percentage of Red Blood Cells (RBCs) in whole blood, normally $40-50\%$ in adult males and $35-45\%$ in adult females.

Erythrocytes (RBCs)

Anucleate, biconcave discs with a mean diameter of $7.5\,\mu m$ and a lifespan of $120$ days.

HbA

The most prevalent form of hemoglobin in adults, consisting of alpha and beta polypeptide chains and iron-containing heme.

Agglutinogens

Antigens (A, B, AB, or O) embedded in the RBC plasma membrane that define blood group systems.

Agglutinins

Antibodies found in the plasma that react against missing antigens on RBCs.

Total Leukocyte Count

The number of white blood cells per microliter ($\mu L$) of blood, ranging from $5,000-10,000$.

Granulocytes

A category of leukocytes containing specific cytoplasmic granules, including neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils.

Agranulocytes

A category of leukocytes lacking specific cytoplasmic granules, including lymphocytes and monocytes.

Neutrophils (percentage)

The most abundant leukocyte, comprising $60-70\%$ of the total white blood cell count.

PMNs

An acronym for Polymorphonuclear leukocytes, also known as neutrophils, referring to their segmented nuclear morphology.

Hypersegmented Neutrophils

Old neutrophils containing more than $5$ nuclear lobes.

Barr Body

An inactive X chromosome appearing as a "drumstick" on the nucleus of neutrophils in females.

Azurophilic Granules

Primary lysosomes in neutrophils containing enzymes and pharmacologic agents for killing and digesting micro-organisms.

Specific Granules (Neutrophils)

The most abundant, smallest granules in neutrophils that stain light blue to violet.

Phosphasomes

A type of tertiary granule in neutrophils that contains phosphatases.

Pus

An accumulation at sites of inflammation consisting primarily of dead neutrophils and debris.

Eosinophils (percentage)

Leukocytes comprising $2-4\%$ of the total white blood cell count.

MBP (Major Basic Protein)

A protein making up $50\%$ of the crystalline core (internum) of eosinophil granules, functioning to kill parasitic worms.

Eosinophil Nuclear Morphology

Characterized specifically by a bilobed nucleus.

Externum

The less dense matrix surrounding the crystalline core of an eosinophil specific granule.

Basophils (percentage)

The rarest leukocyte, comprising $0.5-1.0\%$ of the total white blood cell count.

Basophil Specific Granules

Large granules that stain dark blue to purple and contain heparin, histamine, and leukotrienes.

Lymphocytes (percentage)

Agranulocytes that make up $20-25\%$ of total white blood cells.

T-cells

The most common type of lymphocyte in the blood, comprising approximately $80\%$ of blood-born lymphocytes.

B-cells

Lymphocytes comprising approximately $15\%$ of blood-born lymphocytes.

Null (NK) cells

Natural Killer cells, comprising approximately $5\%$ of blood lymphocytes, which lack T or B surface antigens.

Monocytes (percentage)

The largest leukocytes by diameter ($12-20\,\mu m$), comprising $3-8\%$ of the white blood cell count.

Monocyte Nucleus

A nucleus that is typically indented or kidney-shaped.

Macrophages

Cells derived from circulating monocytes once they enter connective tissue to perform phagocytosis.

Thrombocytes

A synonym for platelets, which are membrane-limited cytoplasmic fragments of megakaryocytes.

Smallest formed elements of blood, measuring between $2\,\mu m$ and $4\,\mu m$ in diameter.

Platelet Dimensions

Platelet Lifespan

The duration these formed elements remain viable, which is less than $14$ days.

The central, dark-stained region of a platelet containing various types of granules.

Granulomere

Platelet granules ($250-300\,nm$) containing Calcium ions, ATP, ADP, and serotonin.

Delta Granules

Platelet granules ($300-500\,nm$) containing fibrinogen and Platelet-Derived Growth Factor (PDGF).

Alpha Granules

Small platelet granules ($175-250\,nm$) that contain lysosomal enzymes.

Lambda Granules

The peripheral, light blue staining region of a platelet.

Hyalomere

A platelet structure used for the liberation of active molecules stored within the cell fragments.

Open Canalicular System

A ring of microtubules in platelets that functions to maintain their disc shape.

Marginal Bundle

The result of primary aggregation of platelets at vascular lesions to control hemorrhage.

Platelet Plug

A blood clot formed by a thirteen-protein cascade that produces fibrin fibers to trap blood cells.

Thrombus

The process of development and formation of all formed elements of the blood.

Hemopoiesis

Occurs in the liver, spleen, bone marrow, and thymus during fetal development.

Prenatal Hemopoiesis

Occurs primarily in the red bone marrow after birth.

Postnatal Hemopoiesis

Hematopoietic Stem Cell (or PPSC), derived from pluripotential stem cells.

HSC

A growth factor, also called hematopoietin, that regulates the proliferation and differentiation of red blood cells.

Erythropoietin

A growth factor responsible for stimulating the production of platelets.

Thrombopoietin

The earliest stage of erythropoiesis, characterized as a large cell with a nucleus containing a nucleolus.

Proerythroblast

A stage in erythropoiesis containing residual polyribosomes that stain with cresyl blue before becoming a mature erythrocyte.

Reticulocyte

The stage of erythropoiesis where the cell cytoplasm is packed with hemoglobin and the nucleus is expelled.

Orthochromatophilic Erythroblast

The first identifiable cell in granulopoiesis, which lacks cytoplasmic granules.

Myeloblast

The stage in granulopoiesis during which the first azurophilic granules are secreted.

Promyelocyte

The stage in granulopoiesis where the initial secretion of specific granules (neutrophilic, eosinophilic, or basophilic) occurs.

Myelocyte

Also known as a stab cell, this is an immature stage specifically identified in neutrophil development.

Band Cell

A giant cell ($35-150\,\mu m$) with a lobulated nucleus that gives rise to platelets.

Megakaryocyte

Invaginations of the megakaryocyte plasma membrane that define the areas where platelets are shed.

Demarcation Membranes

High-permeability blood vessels in the bone marrow where mature blood cells enter the circulation.

Bone Marrow Sinusoid

Growth factors produced by lymphocytes that assist in the differentiation of maturing blood cells.

Interleukins