Chemistry - Chapter 4 Section Test

The test is Multiple Choice

How many orbitals fill electrons?

Depends on sublevel — s: 1, p: 3, d: 5, f: 7.

What shapes do you need to know for orbitals?

s = sphere, p = dumbbell, d = clover, f = complex.

Bohr model

how electrons behave in atoms.

electromagnetic radiation

a form of energy that exhibits wavelike behavior as it travels through space

electromagnetic spectrum

all forms of electromagnetic radiation

wavelength

the distance between corresponding points on the adjacent waves

frequency

the number of waves that pass a given point in a specific time

photoelectric effect

the emission of electrons from a metal when light shines on meta

quantum

the minimum quantity of energy that can be lost or gained by an atom

photon

a particle of electromagnetic radiation having zero mass and carrying a quantum energy

ground state

lowest energy state of an atom

excited state

a state in which an atom has a higher potential energy than it has in its ground state

line-emission spectrum

a diagram/graph that indicates the degree to which a substance emits radiant energy with respect to wavelength

continuous spectrum

the emission of a continuous range of frequencies of electromagnetic radiation

heisenberg uncertainty principle

states that it is impossible to determine simultaneously both the position and velocity of an electron or any other small particle

quantum theory

describes mathematically the wave properties of electrons and other very small particles

orbital

indicates the probable location of an electron

quantum number

specify the properties of atomic orbitals and the properties of electrons in orbitals

principle quantum number

symbolized by n, indicates that main energy level occupied by an electron

angular momentum (orbital) quantum number

symbolized by L, indicates the shape of the orbital

magnetic quantum number

symbolized by m, indicated the orientation (location) of an orbital around the nucleus

spin quantum number

has only 2 possible values (+1/2, -1/2) which indicate the 2 fundamental spin states of an electron in an orbital

electron configuration

the arrangements of an electron in an atom

aufbau principle

an electron occupies the lowest energy orbital that can receive it

pauli exclusion principle

no 2 electrons in the same atom can have the same set of 4 quantum numbers

hund's rule

Electrons fill orbitals one at a time before pairing up, and single electrons in the same type of orbital spin in the same direction.

noble gas

group of 18 elements

noble-gas configuration

refers to an outer main energy level occupied, in most cases by 8 electrons

When going from excited to ground state, energy…?

Decreases

When going from ground to excited state, energy…?

Increases

When going from excited to ground state, energy…?

Speed of light.

Even numbers represent what?

Electrons

Odd numbers represent what?

Orbitals.

What do S, P, D represent?

Sublevels or shapes of orbitals.

How many electrons can each shape hold?

s = 2, p = 6, d = 10, f = 14.

What is the unit for frequency?

Hertz (Hz).

Quantum numbers tell you what?

Location and properties of electrons

Can there be an 8s orbital?

Yes.

Number of sublevels = ?

Energy level number (n)

What are “The Rules”?

• Aufbau: lowest energy first.

• Pauli: 2 electrons per orbital (opposite spins).

• Hund’s: fill orbitals singly first (same spin).

How many orientations can an orbital have?

s = 1, p = 3, d = 5, f = 7.

Radiation types (X-ray, gamma, UV, etc.) all travel at what speed?

The speed of light.

Who is “Louie” (de Broglie)?

He said electrons act like waves.

Where are electrons most likely found?

Electron cloud.

What are photons and quanta?

Tiny packets of light energy.

Formula: wavelength × frequency = ?

Speed of light (c).

How many possible spin states?

2 (↑ or ↓). (positive or negative)

Formula n² = ?

Number of orbitals per energy level.

Formula 2n² = ?

Maximum number of electrons per energy level.

What is the orbital angular momentum number

It tells the shape of the orbital

What is the magnetic quantum number

It tells the orientation of the orbital in space.

What is the spin quantum number

It tells the direction of the electron’s spin.

Compared with an electron for which n = 2, an electron for which n = 4 has more