Weather (King PPL)

C) Heat exchange

Every physical process of weather is accompanied by, or is the result of, a

A) movement of air
B) Pressure differential
C) Heat exchange

A) Unequal heating of the Earth's surface

What causes variations in altimeter settings between weather reporting points?

A) Unequal heating of the Earth's surface
B) Variation of terrain elevation
C) Coriolis force

15 degrees Celsius and 29.92 inches Hg

*HG = inches of mercury

What are the standard temperature and pressure values for sea level?

B) Friction between the wind and the surface

The wind at 5,000 feet AGL is southwesterly while the surface wind is southerly. This difference in direction is primarily due to

A) stronger pressure gradient at higher alts
B) Friction between the wind and the surface
C) Stronger Coriolis force at the surface

Front

The boundary between two different air masses is referred to as

A) A change in temperature

One of the most easily recognized discontinuities across a front is

A) A change in temperature
B) An increase in cloud coverage
C) An increase in relative humidity

A) Wind direction

One weather phenomenon which will always occur when flying across a front is a change in the

A) Wind direction
B) Type of precipitation
C) Stability of the air mass

B) the temperature of the collecting surface is at or below the dewpoint of the adjacent air and the dewpoint is below freezing

*think the surface has to match/exceed the cold of the air

Which conditions result in the formation of frost?

A) The temperature of the collecting surface is at or below freezing when small droplets of moisture fall on the surface
B) the temperature of the collecting surface is at or below the dewpoint of the adjacent air and the dewpoint is below freezing
C) The temp. of the surrounding air is at or below freezing when small drops of moisture fall on the collecting surface

C) Is a temp. inversion with freezing rain at a higher altitude

The presence of ice pellets at the surface is evidence that there

A) Are thunderstorms in the area
B) Has been cold frontal passage
C) Is a temp. inversion with freezing rain at a higher altitude

C) Visible moisture

One in-flight condition necessary for structural icing to form is

A) small temp./dewpoint spread
B) Stratiform clouds
C) Visible moisture

C) Freezing rain

In which environment is aircraft structural ice most likely to have the highest accumulation rate?

A) Cumulus clouds with below freezing temperatures
B) Freezing drizzle
C) Freezing rain

C) An increase in temp. as altitude is increased

*usually, temp. decreases w/ alt.

When there is a temp. inversion, you would expect to experience

A) clouds with extensive vertical development above an inversion point
B) Good visibility in the lower levels of the atmosphere and poor visibility above an inversion aloft
C) An increase in temp. as altitude is increased

A) Terrestrial radiation on a clear, relatively still night

The most frequent type of ground or surface-based temperature inversion is what which is produced by

A) Terrestrial radiation on a clear, relatively still night
B) Warm air being lifted rapidly aloft in the vicinity of mountainous terrain
C) The movement of colder air under warm air, or the movement of warm air over cold air

A) Smooth air, poo viz, fog, haze, or low clouds

Which weather conditions should be expected beneath a low-level temp. inversion layer when the relative humidity is high?

A) Smooth air, poo viz, fog, haze, or low clouds
B) Light wind shear, poor viz, haze, and light rain
C) Turbulent air, poor viz, fog, low stratus type clouds, and showery precipitation

A) A stable layer of air

Which feature is associated with a temperature inversion?

A) A stable layer of air
B) An unstable layer of air
C) Chinook winds on mountain slopes

C) 25 knots

A pilot can expect a wind-shear zone in a temperature inversion whenever the windspeed at 2,000 o 4,000 ft. above the surface is at least

A) 10 knots
B) 15 knots
C) 25 knots

A) Warm, moist air over low, flatland areas on clear, calm nights

What situation is most conducive to the formation of radiation fog?

A) Warm, moist air over low, flatland areas on clear, calm nights
B) Moist, tropical air moving over cold, offshore water
C) The movement of cold air over much warmer water

B) An air mass moving inland from the coast in winter

In which situation is advection fog most likely to form?

A) A warm, moist air mass on the windward side of mountains
B) An air mass moving inland from the coast in winter
C) A light breeze blowing colder air out to sea

C) Advection fog and upslope fog

What types of fog depend upon wind in order to exist?

A) Radiation fog and ice fog
B) Steam fog and ground fog
C) Advection fog and upslope fog

C) Steam fog

*Steam fog is formed when dry, cold air moves from land areas over a comparatively warm ocean. Water droplets often freeze quickly --> Icing conditions

Low-level turbulence can occur and icing can become hazardous in which type of fog?

A) Rain-induced fog
B) Upslope fog
C) Steam fog

B) Cumulonimbus

*These are aka "thunderstorm clouds"

What clouds have the greatest turbulence?

A) Towering cumulus
B) Cumulonimbus
C) Nimbostratus

B) Unstable, moist air

The conditions necessary for the formation of cumulonimbus clouds are a lifting action and

A) unstable air containing an excess of condensation nuclei
B) Unstable, moist air
C) either stable or unstable air

B) Continuous updraft

What feature is normally associated with the cumulus stage of a thunderstorm?

A) Roll cloud
B) Continuous updraft
C) Frequent lightning

B) Precipitation beginning to fall

Which weather phenomenon signals the beginning of the mature stage of a thunderstorm?

A) The appearance of an anvil top
B) Precipitation beginning to fall
C) Maximum growth rate of the clouds

A) High humidity, lifting force, and unstable conditions

What conditions are necessary for the formation of thunderstorms?

A) High humidity, lifting force, and unstable conditions
B) High humidity, high temp, and cumulus clouds
C) Lifting force, moist air, and extensive cloud cover

B) Dissipating

During the life cycle of a thunderstorm, which stage is characterized predominately by downdrafts?

A) Cumulus
B) Dissipating
C) Mature

A) Mature stage

Thunderstorms reach their greatest intensity during the

A) Mature stage
B) Downdraft stage
C) Cumulus stage

A) squall line thunderstorms

*these move ahead of fast-moving cold fronts - most severe storms with the largest hail

Thunderstorms which generally produce the most intense hazard to aircraft are

A) squall line thunderstorms
B) stead-state
C) warm front

B) Squall line

*most severe thunderstorms

A non-frontal, narrow band of active thunderstorms that often develop ahead of a cold front is known as

A) prefrontal system
B) Squall line
C) Dry line

B) Wind shear turbulence

*= abrupt change in strength or direction of the wind over a short period of time or distance

If there is thunderstorm activity in the vicinity of an airport at which you plan to land, which hazardous atmospheric phenomenon might be expected on the landing approach?

A) Precipitation static
B) Wind-shear turbulence
C) Steady rain

A) Lightning

Which weather phenomenon is always associated with thunderstorm?

A) Lightning
B) Heavy rain
C) Hail

B) violent thunderstorms and tornadoes

Cumulonimbus Mamma clouds are associated with

A) the dissipating stage of a thunderstorm
B) violent thunderstorms and tornadoes
C) the cumulus stage of a thunderstorms

B) the start of precipitation

The mature stage of a thunderstorm begins with

A) formation of the anvil top
B) the start of precipitation
C) continuous downdrafts

C) Inflight Aviation Weather Advisories

To determine the freezing level and areas of probable icing aloft, the pilot should refer to the

A) Weather Depiction chart
B) Area Forecast
C) Inflight Aviation Weather Advisories

C) Thunderstorms obscured by massive cloud layers

What is indicated when a current CONVECTIVE SIGMET forecasts thunderstorms?

A) Moderate thunderstorms covering 30 % of the area
B) Moderate or severe turbulence
C) Thunderstorms obscured by massive cloud layers

A) tornados, embedded thunderstorms, and hail 3/4 inch or greater in diameter

What information is contained in a CONVECTIVE SIGMET?

A) tornados, embedded thunderstorms, and hail 3/4 inch or greater in diameter
B) Severe icing, severe turb., or widespread dust storms lowering visibility to less than 3 miles
C) Surface winds greater than 40 knots or thunderstorms equal to or greater than video integrator processor (VIP) level 4

C) All aircraft

SIGMET's are issued as a warning of weather conditions hazardous to which aircraft/

A) Small aircraft only
B) Large aircraft only
C) All aircraft

B) SIGMET

Which in-flight advisory would contain information on severe icing not associated with thunderstorms?

A) Convective SIGMET
B) SIGMET
C) AIRMET

A) All pilots

AIRMETs are advisories of significant weather phenomena but of lower intensities than SIGMETs and are intended for dissemination to

A) All pilots
B) only IFR pilot
C) only VFR pilot

An almond or lens-shaped cloud which appears stationary, but which may contain winds of 50 knots or more, is referred to as

A) an inactive frontal cloud
B) a funnel cloud
C) a lenticular cloud

B) standing lenticular clouds

Crests of standing mountain waves may be marked by stationary, lens-shaped clouds known as

A) mammatocumulus clouds
B) standing lenticular clouds
C) roll clouds

A) across a mountain ride, and the air is stable

Possible mountain wave turbulence could be anticipated when winds of 40 knots or greater blow

A) across a mountain ridge, and the air is stable
B) down a mountain valley, and the air is unstable
C) parallel to a mountain peak, and the air is stable

C) At all altitudes, in all directions

Where does wind shear occur?

A) Only at higher altitudes
B) Only at lower altitudes
C) At all altitudes, in all directions

B) In areas of low-level temperature inversion, frontal zones, and clear air turbulence

When may hazardous wind shear be expected?

A) When stable air crosses a mountain barrier where it tends to flow in layers forming lenticular clouds
B) In areas of low-level temperature inversion, frontal zones, and clear air turbulence
C) Following frontal passage when stratocumulus clouds form indicating mechanical mixing

B) lowest broken or overcast layer or vertical visibility into an obscuration

For aviation purposes, b=ceiling is defined as the height above the Earth's surface of the

A) lowest reported obscuration and the highest layer of clouds reported as overcast
B) lowest broken or overcast layer or vertical visibility into an obscuration
C) lowest layer of clouds reported as scattered, broken, or thin

B. Rain began at 1835Z

The remarks section for KMDW states RAB35. This entry means

A) blowing mist has reduced the visibility to 1.5 SM
B) Rain began at 1835Z
C) the barometer has risen .35 inches Hg

B) learn the forecast weather along your proposed route of flight as well as at your destination if it has no terminal forecast

Graphical Forecasts for Aviation (GFA) are weather charts best used to

A) plan a flight within 5 miles of your home airport
B) learn the forecast weather along your proposed route of flight as well as at your destination if it has no terminal forecast
C) learn the reported surface conditions of the airports along your route of flight

B) For determining areas to avoid (freezing levels and turbulence)

How are Significant Weather Prognostic Charts best used by a pilot?

A) For overall planning at all altitudes
B) For determining areas to avoid (freezing levels and turbulence)
C) For analyzing current frontal activity and cloud coverage

A) that are forecast to exist at a valid time shown on the chart

The Low Level Significant Weather Prognostic Chart depicts weather conditions

A) that are forecast to exist at a valid time shown on the chart
B) as they existed at the time the chart was prepared
C) that existed at the time shown on the chart which is about 3 hours before the chart is received