spectroscopy

UV-Vis Spectroscopy

Quantification of drugs in formulations

UV-Vis Spectroscopy

Determination of the pKa values of some drugs

UV-Vis Spectroscopy

Determination of partition coefficients and solubilities of drugs.

UV-Vis Spectroscopy

Used to determine the release of drugs from formulations with time.

UV-Vis Spectroscopy

Can be used to monitor the reaction kinetics of drug degradation,

UV-Vis Spectroscopy

ID test

UV-Vis Spectroscopy

Easy-to-use, cheap and robust method

UV-Vis Spectroscopy

Routine method for determining some physico-chemical properties of drugs

UV-Vis Spectroscopy

Only moderately selective.

UV-Vis Spectroscopy

Not readily applicable to the analysis of mixtures

IR Spectrophotometry

Qualitative fingerprint check for identity of raw materials

IR Spectrophotometry

Preliminary check for compound ID

IR Spectrophotometry

Can be used to characterize samples in the solid and semi-solid states

IR Spectrophotometry

Used to detect polymorphs of drugs.

IR Spectrophotometry

Provides complex fingerprint which is unique to the compound being examined.

IR Spectrophotometry

Computer control of instruments

IR Spectrophotometry

Rarely used as a quantitative technique.

IR Spectrophotometry

Usually can only detect gross impurities in samples

IR Spectrophotometry

Sample preparation requires a degree of skill.

IR Spectrophotometry

Lacks robustness

Atomic Emission Spectrophotometry (AES)

Quantification of alkali metals

Atomic Emission Spectrophotometry (AES)

Determination of metallic impurities

Atomic Emission Spectrophotometry (AES)

Provides robust, cheap and selective method

Atomic Emission Spectrophotometry (AES)

Only applicable to the determination of alkali and some alkaline earth metals.

Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS)

Determination of metal residues remaining from the manufacturing process in drugs.

Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS)

More sensitive than AES.

Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS)

Only applicable to metallic elements

Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS)

Each element requires a different hollow cathode lamp for its determination.

Fluorescence spectrophotometry

Useful for studying the binding of drugs to components in complex formulations.

Fluorescence spectrophotometry

Used in bioanalysis

Fluorescence spectrophotometry

Selective detection method

Fluorescence spectrophotometry

Used to monitor changes in complex molecules

Fluorescence spectrophotometry

Only applies to a limited number of molecules

Fluorescence spectrophotometry

Subject to interference by UV-absorbing species, heavy ions in solutions, and is affected by temperature.

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

Characterization of the exact structure of raw materials, intermediates and finished products.

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

Determine impurities ▹ Used for fingerprinting mixtures

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

Good potential for non-destructive quantitative analysis of drugs.

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

More information about molecular structure

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

Reproducible results

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

Very stable system

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

Relatively insensitive technique for samples <1mg for proton NMR and <5 mg for carbon-13 NMR.

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

Expensive instrumentation.